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MCBG > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dips called in DNA?

A

Major groove

Minor groove

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2
Q

What direction is the spiral?

A

Right handed

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3
Q

What is the outside of DNA made from?

A

Phosphate backbone

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4
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Located on chromosomes

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?
How many are autosomal?

A

23 pairs - 22 autosome

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6
Q

How does the size of the Y chromosome compare to X?

A

Y is much smaller

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7
Q

What section of the sex chromosome determines sex determination?

A

Pseudoautosomal region

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8
Q

How is DNA stored in a cell? (2)

A

Tightly wound around histones proteins

Packaged in chromosomes in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is the heavily condensed section of chromosome?
What does this mean?

A

Heterochromatin

DNA is tightly bound around histones

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10
Q

What is the less condensed section of chromosome?

A

Euchromatin

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11
Q

Why is the DNA in an open configuration?

A

Allows the DNA to be transcribed

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12
Q

What is the name of the secondary structure of multiple histone proteins wound together?

A

Solenoid

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13
Q

Are genes on Heterochromatin expressed?
Why?

A

No
So compact that transcription factors cannot access

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14
Q

What are DNA and RNA both?

A

Nucleic acids

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15
Q

Difference between the sugar of DNA and RNA?

A

R - OH on the bottom right
D - H on the bottom right

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16
Q

Structure of a nucleotide

A

Pentode sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group

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17
Q

Name the two types of bases

A

Purine
Pyramidal

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18
Q

Two types of purine base

A

A
G

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19
Q

Three types of pyrimidine bases

A

C
U
T

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20
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside is a sugar and base
Nucleotide has a phosphate as well

21
Q

What type of bond is a phosphodiester bond?

A

Covalent

22
Q

What describe the polarity of the chain and what it starts and ends with

A

5’ to 3’
P to OH

23
Q

How many H bonds are between:
CG
AT, AU

A

3
2

24
Q

What are the two strands called in DNA?
Describe the function
What direction of prime

A

Coding - not transcribed into mRNA, 3’ - 5’
Complimentary - opposite

25
Q

Describe in two words how the two strands of DNA compare

A

Reverse complimentary

26
Q

At what stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase

27
Q

What catalyses DNA replication and how?

A

DNA polymerase
Catalyses bonds between bases

28
Q

What are the three steps in prokaryotic DNA replication?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

29
Q

What direction does the DNA chain grow?

A

5’ to 3’

30
Q

Describe the chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

Single
Circular

31
Q

Where does DNA replication begin in a prokaryote?

A

Origin

32
Q

Describe initiation
What does it require? - prokaryotic

A

Recognition of origin

DNA polymerase, specific proteins, primase

33
Q

Why is primase required in initiation?

A

DNA can only add to the 3’ end

34
Q

Describe elongation - prokaryotic

A

Replication forks move
Helicase unwinds the double helix
DNA polymerase extends the 3’ end only - creating three types of strands
DNA ligase joins fragments

35
Q

What does DNA polymerase create in elongation? (3) - prokaryotic

A

Leading strand - continuous
Lagging strand - discontinuous
Okazaki fragments

36
Q

What is the product of elongation? - prokaryotic

A

Complete copy of the chromosome

37
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated, to allow replication of each strand

38
Q

What do eukaryotes have when DNA helicase breaks bonds between bases?

A

Replication bubbles

39
Q

Describe initiation - eukaryotic

A

Primase makes an RNA primer
Allowing DNA polymerase binds at 3’ end, within the origin of the leading strand

40
Q

What are the two strands of the unwound DNA helix called?

A

Leading - coding strand, used to produce the amino acid sequence
Lagging - opposite complimentary strand

41
Q

Describe elongation - eukaryotic

A

The DNA polymerase moves along the leading strand from 3’ to 5’
A second DNA polymerase binds to 3’ end of the lagging strand - copying and creating Okazaki fragments
DNA binds the fragments
DNA wound into a helix using helicase

42
Q

Why can only a short section of DNA be copied on the lagging strand?

A

The 3’ end of the lagging strand is close to replication fork

43
Q

What happens to the leading strand after the helix is unwound?

A

The leading strand is elongated

44
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?
Why do they exist?

A

The lagging strand is copied in short fragments

The DNA is still be unwound as the lagging strand is copied - as there is only a short section that can be copied

45
Q

What is the product of eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

Two new identical copies of the original DNA

46
Q

Describe termination - eukaryotic

A

Two replication bubbles meet, causing the molecule to separate into fragments
DNA ligase joins together the fragments

47
Q

What is a chromosome made of?

A

1 DNA molecule

48
Q

What are the two states a chromosome can exist in?
Describe them

A

Replicated - sister chromatid joined by a centromere
Unreplicated

MCBG (10 decks)

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