Dmyelinating Diseases Flashcards
Who gets MS? What’s interesting about the epidemiology?
Normally people ages 25-35 (but can be older) and Females:Males 2:1
Interestingly, occurs further away from equator
What is the generally accepted idea behind pathophysiology of MS?
Sensitization occurs in the periphery with some nervous system antigen being mistaken as foreign
then Th1 and Th17 cells (that are normally kept in check) get out of whack and move in to BBB and shit goes crazay
Typically, immune cells enter from a venule and attack myelin but axons are spared
What are the 4 major clinical subtypes of MS?
1) Relapsing-Remitting: exacerbations of worsening diability then improvement and can accumulate disability with each episode
2) Secondary Progressive - disability accumulates over time, stop seeing evidence of remission
3) Primary Progressive
4) Progressive-relapsing
What do you see on imaging for MS?
Use a T2 Weighted MRI and see Periventricular areas of inflammation
- perpenduclar to long axis of ventricles
- “Dwson’s Fingers” - perpendicular orientation of lesions as they appear coming off of the long axis of lateral ventricle
Aso check the WM of corpus callosum, optic nerves, peduncles and SC
What genes involved in MS?
Immune response genes on chromsome 6
What viruses can also cause demyelinating disease?
Epstein-Barr Virus: higher risk for MS in those exposed later in life
PML- JC Virus reactivation: damages Myelin forming cells (oligodendrocytes)
HIV-related Demyelination: early in infection, rare complication
What are the environmental RF for MS?
1) Vitamin D Deficiency - low levels associated with immune activation
2) CIgarrete smoke - more rapid MS progression, increased risk and likelihood for treatment failure, more likely to develop Anti-IFNbeta and Anti-Natalizumab antibodies
3) Increased Sodium intake - immune actviator
Presentation features of MS - list some
Optic nerve inflammation, poor balance and dizziness, weakness, double visions
Bladder and Bowel dysfunction, pain, sensory loss
FATIGUE!!!! spasticity
sexual dysfunction
congnitive impairment - word finding, memory and concentration
What is the definition of “clinically isolated syndrome”?
First neurologic episode of MS defined by symptoms that:
- last at least 24 hours
- caused by inflammation and demyelination - MRI scan
- single or multiple sites
To diagnose MS with CIS - need more than 1 lesion, some older lesions or evidence that things are happening at different points in time
General treatment approaches used in MS
STeroids, IVIG, Plasma cleansing approach (?)
Nutritional/Metabolic - low fat, high fish oil, Vitamin D
Physical Therapy and Psychosocial support
IMMUNE MODULATORS!!!!!!!
+ Symptoms management
Immune Modulators used in MS and their side effects:
IFN-Beta!!!!! - need high doses and so see increased side effects
Natalizumab and rituximab - PML
Alemtuzumab - ITP and Grave’s Disease
Fingolimod- Cardiopulmonary effects and infectious
Mitoxantrone - increased incidence and cardiac side effects, *Acute Leukemia
What is Marburg’s Variant?
Acute, Fulminant MS - can be fatal and treated aggressively
What is Balo’s Concentric Sclerosis?
See lesions expanding in concentric, inuform circles
typically toxic or viral cuase
What is a progressive demyelintating disease of kids?
Schilder’s Disease
What is Neuromyelitis Optica? How does it present and what happens in it?
Disease where you have recurrent and simultaneous inflammation and demyelination of the Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord
Antigen - Alpha Aquaportin-4 Antibody against the water protein channel reacts with astrocyte foot processes
Presentation: longitudinally extensive SC lesions, Optic nerve problems but brain may be normal!
