Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > DM - Exam 2 > Flashcards

DM - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes DM?

A

Hemoglobin A1c - 6.5% or greater

Fasting Plasma Glucose - 126 mg/dL or greater

2-hour OGTT - 200 mg/dL or greater (need to ingest 75mg of glucose)

Random Plasma Glucose - 200 mg/dL or greater

need at least 2 readings on 2 different occassions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____ related to destruction of pancreatic β-cells and loss of insulin production. What is it due to? What is the tx?

A

T1DM

due to an autoimmune process

must be treated with insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ is related to insulin resistance with potential eventual loss of β-cell function. What is it dependent on?

A

T2DM

diet and lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ chronic insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency in the brain may play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s patients

A

Alzheimer’s Disease and type 3 DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is prediabetes defined as?

A

Impaired Fasting Glucose - 100-125 mg/dL

Impaired Glucose Tolerance - 140-199 mg/dL on 2-hr OGTT

Elevated HbA1c - 5.7-6.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some healthy recommendations for DM?

A

high in fiber, moderate to low carbohydrate consumption, plant-based foods, Mediterranean style

regular physical activity

sleep!

no tobacco!

Weight loss!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the recommended amounts of carbs for DM? What kind?

A

30grams

whole grain, fruits, veggies

carbs should be minimally processed and plant based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Replacing carbs with ____ was found to help glycemic control in DM.

A

MUFAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the protein requirements for pt with DM? Excess proteins can be harmful in patients with ____. What kind of proteins are preferred?

A

0.8 g/kg/day

CKD

plant proteins are preferred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Pros for keto diet and DM? Cons? Is there any difference at the 1 year mark?

A

Pro: Often have faster early weight loss, significant early improvements in blood glucose levels

cons: “Keto flu,” long-term cost and compliance issues

Studies have shown no major differences in glycemic control at the 1 year mark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the best diet for DM?

A

the best diet is the one your patient can adhere to!!!

Mounting evidence that eating healthy foods in general, rather than worrying about specific percentages of macros, is the best approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 helpful suggestions for DM diets?

A

The Plate Method

Diabetic Recipes

Diet Exchange Lists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are diet exchange lists especially helpful for DM?

A

especially helpful for patients counting carbohydrates/reliant on insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in general- 1 unit of rapid-acting insulin = ____ carbs

A

12-15 carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

?????: Helps promote slightly lower carb intake

A

Low Glycemic Index/Glycemic Load Food Choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some important points to consider regarding nuts and DM. What do nuts NOT do?

A

reduced CVD risk

benefit in preventing DM

recommended as a favorable addition to diet (careful of the overall caloric intake)

have NOT been shown to improve glycemic control directly in patients who already have DM diagnosis

17
Q

Ethanol can interfere with _____. When consumed without food increased risk of ______. Excessive ethanol intake can contribute to _____ and overall worse _______.

A

hepatic gluconeogenesis

hypoglycemia

elevated TG

glucose control

18
Q

Who at the highest risk of hypoglycemia due to alcohol intake for a DM pt?

A

DM pts taking insulin or drugs that stimulate insulin release

aka need to eat something if DM pts are going to drink

19
Q

Caffeine technically shown to cause higher _____ and insulin levels
and decreased _____ in T2DM patients

A

plasma glucose

insulin sensitivity

20
Q

______ insulin cofactor that may help stimulate expression of insulin receptors and activate those receptors, resulting in better clearance of glucose from the blood. What pt population does it have the most benefit?

A

Chromium

mixed data, greater benefit in poorly controlled pts
no benefit for pts who have normal glucose and are at risk for developing DM

21
Q

____ is an insulin cofactor with a very narrow therapeutic window with lots of GI SE!!

A

Vanadium

22
Q

_____ is commonly used to treat elevated TG. Does it have an impact on glycemic control?

A

Fish Oil

no major impact on glycemic control, NOT recommended for prevention or treatment of DM

just to treat hyperTG

23
Q

Popularly reported that ____ chocolate may improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity due to _____ and ______. What is the recommendation?

A

dark

cacao and its bioflavinoid antioxidants

Recommended to consume small amounts, in moderation, but healthier than other forms of chocolate

24
Q

What is important to know about cinnamon and DM?

A

Supplementation probably would be minimally harmful, but not likely to help, and not enough evidence to replace medical treatment aka do not actively discourage

One study did show a possible benefit in prediabetic patients but NOT helpful in T1DM or T2DM

25
Q

What is white sugar composed of? What is brown sugar composed of? Which has more calories by volume? by weight?

A

purified, refined sucrose

glucose + fructose
_______
Brown: sucrose and have molasses added back in

volume: brown sugar has more calories

weight: white sugar has more calories

26
Q

_____ does not require insulin to be processed. ______ absorbs it and turns it into fat (TG). Name some sources

A

Fructose

liver

Fructose - “fruit sugar” - monosaccharide

sucrose, honey, fruit, corn

27
Q

______ is widely used in the US as a sweetener due to low cost. Why is it a problem?

A

High-Fructose Corn Syrup

Problem with HFCS is likely not the fructose itself, but the amount of unnecessary added sugar it adds to our diet as a whole

28
Q

Will natural caloric sweeteners increase blood sugar? Do they have a higher or lower glycemic index than sucrose? What else do they contain?

A

these are still simple sugars and will still cause a spike in blood glucose levels!

lower glycemic index/glycemic load than sucrose

nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants

29
Q

What are some sweeteners that have a lower glycemic index than sucrose (white/brown sugar)?

A
30
Q

______ generally provide less calories per gram and cause a minimal change (or no change) in blood glucose. What are some examples

A

Sugar Alcohols

xylitol, erythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol

31
Q

Sugar alcohols have high levels of ingestion linked to ______.

____ and ____ specifically have an FDA-mandated warning that excess consumption can lead to laxative effects.

A

gastrointestinal symptoms

sorbitol and mannitol

32
Q

What is the concern over negative GI symptoms and poyols? What else are they associated with? Which one specifically?

A

Concern over negative effects on gut microbiome

May be associated with higher risk of CV events (MI, CVA, DVT)

Erythritol - high levels of consumption associated with increased thrombosis

33
Q

Non-Nutritive Sweeteners (NNS) are generally _____ than sucrose. Are they good for us?

A

Generally higher-intensity (sweeter) than sucrose

Generally allowed to be consumed as part of a general pattern of healthful lifestyle changes: less harmful than caloric sweeteners, good for those who need to limit sugary foods/drinks

NOT encouraged for weight loss or other chronic dz management

34
Q

Are non-nutritive sweeteners bad for us?

A

Generally not associated with cancer, brain tumors, or neurologic disease in studies

but are NOT associated with lower weight, better glycemic control, lower risk of obesity/heart disease in most studies

they just displace calories/sugar not lower caloric/sugar content

35
Q

Give some examples of non-nutritive sweeteners. Consider looking at other noteworthy facts?

A

Nutrition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions