Divided Germany

Question 1

when was the Tehran Conference?

Answer 1

Nov 1943

Question 2

when was the Yalta Conference?

Answer 2

Feb 1945

Question 3

when was the Potsdam Conference?

Answer 3

July 1945

Question 4

what was discussed in the Tehran Conference?

Answer 4

• USA + Britain would invade France by May 1944
• USSR would join USA + Britain in war against Japan once Nazi Germany defeated

Question 5

what was discussed in the Yalta Conference?

Answer 5

• Germany + Berlin divided in 4
• commitment from all leaders to put Nazi war criminals on trial
• set up UN

Question 6

what was discussed in the Potsdam Conference?

Answer 6

• de-nazification
• de-centralisation
• de-militarisation
• democratisation
• agreed to shift Germany’s border West for Poland
• Russia demanded $20 bil reparations but other Allies said it was too much

Question 7

how many Germans were expelled/fled from Central + Eastern Europe before the Potsdam Conference?

Answer 7

12 mil

Question 8

when did the GDR (E) sign the German-Poland Border (Oder-Neisse Line)?

Answer 8

July 6 1950

Question 9

when did West Germany acknowledge the German-Poland Border (Oder-Neisse Line)?

Answer 9

1970

Question 10

what did Karl Jaspers (1947) argue in his book?

Answer 10

while not all Germans could be brought to trial for war crimes, they needed to accept an implicit complicity in the genocide + war

Question 11

when were the Nuremberg Trials?

Answer 11

Oct 1945 - Oct 1946

Question 12

how many were sentenced to death at the Nuremberg Trials?

Answer 12

12

Question 13

what did the Allies begin to view as the primary threat + what did this mean?

Answer 13

communism (instead of Nazism)
so pressure for denazification decreased, rapid rehabilitation of former party members

Question 14

when was Bizonia formed + what was it?

Answer 14

1947 - Britain + USA joining their zones of Germany

Question 15

when was Trizonia formed + what was it?

Answer 15

1948 - France joins Britain + USA sharing German zones

Question 16

when was the Marshall Plan introduced + what did it aim to do?

Answer 16

1948
catalyse European integration + economic activity

Question 17

how much money was given to West Germany by 1951 from the Marshall Plan?

Answer 17

$1.5 bil / $13 bil

Question 18

when was the currency reform + what was the new currency?

Answer 18

1948
Deutsche Mark

Question 19

what was the importance of the currency reform?

Answer 19

• reduced total amount of money in circulation
• affirms W + E divide - Soviets react with Blockade

Question 20

when was the Berlin Airlift + how long did it last?

Answer 20

24 June 1948 - 12 May 1949
323 days

Question 21

who coined the term ‘Cold War’ + when?

Answer 21

Orwell 1945

Question 22

what did the Soviets try to show about American culture?

Answer 22

have none + lacked high culture
- stereotype existed before Cold War + rn

Question 23

how did the Soviets try to depict themselves after WW2?

Answer 23

defender of European high culture from Nazis
communism made high culture accessible

Question 24

what was the US “Campaign of Truth”?

Answer 24

US State Dept said there is a misconception that Americans are “purely materialistic, money-mad and pleasure-mad” - so more investment went into arts, humanities, culture

Question 25

what did Christopher Klessman (1993) say about the history of West + East Germany?

Answer 25

"asymmetrically entangled parallel history"

Question 26

when was West Germany formed?

Answer 26

May 1949

Question 27

when was East Germany formed?

Answer 27

Oct 1949

Question 28

when was the Stalin Note?

Answer 28

March 1952

Question 29

what was the Stalin Note?

Answer 29

offered reunification of Germany in exchange for its neutrality

Question 30

was the Stalin Note accepted by Western leaders?

Answer 30

no, they were set on integration of FRG with the West

Question 31

when was the General Treaty + what was it?

Answer 31

May 1952 Western powers + FGR ended its status as an occupied territory

Question 32

when did West Germany join NATO?

Answer 32

6 May 1955

Question 33

when was NATO formed?

Answer 33

1949

Question 34

when was the Warsaw Pact formed?

Answer 34

1955 (incl GDR)

Question 35

what was the constitution of West Germany called?

Answer 35

'Basic Law' (tentative)

Question 36

when did West Germany have its first election + when would these usually take place?

Answer 36

august 1949 every 4 years

Question 37

who was the first FRG Chancellor?

Answer 37

Konrad Adenauer

Question 38

what was the Bundestag?

Answer 38

new West German Parliament

Question 39

who was the 1st leader of East Germany?

Answer 39

Walter Ulbricht

Question 40

what kind of democracy did West Germany have?

Answer 40

representative democracy

Question 41

what kind of democracy did East Germany have?

Answer 41

Marxist-Lenninist principle of democratic centralism

Question 42

what was the East German Parliament called?

Answer 42

Volkskammer

Question 43

what was West Germany's economy like?

Answer 43

'Economic Miracle' - good had economic growth - belief in free market - people like conservatives more - legitimacy + political stability

Question 44

what was East Germany's economy like?

Answer 44

failure to raise living standards, farms collectivised, scarcity of consumer goods - led to uprising in June 1953

Question 45

when was the Uprising in East Germany by building workers?

Answer 45

17 June 1953

Question 46

why did the Uprising in East Germany begin?

Answer 46

demonstrations about work rates + wider political dissatisfaction

Question 47

when was STASI (Ministry for State Security) introduced in East Germany + what did this mean?

Answer 47

8th June 1950 increased development of secret police

Question 48

what was the Brain Drain?

Answer 48

people moving to West Germany from East

Question 49

when did construction begin for the Berlin Wall?

Answer 49

13th aug 1961

Question 50

what did the SED say about the Berlin Wall?

Answer 50

"an anti-fascist protective wall"

Question 51

what was East Germany's economy like after the Berlin Wall was built?

Answer 51

good - economic stability as it almost stopped emigration entirely

Question 52

when did Walter Ulbricht declare the arrival of the "Age of Socialism and the New Economic System"?

Answer 52

1964

Question 53

which historians consider STASI created a society that was "wholly controlled" by the state?

Answer 53

Kocka (1994) + Lüdtke (1994)

Question 54

which historians stress the limits of state power + point to individual agency in the GDR?

Answer 54

Fulbrook (2005) + Ross (2002)

Question 55

what were gender roles like in West Germany?

Answer 55

similar to American models (e.g. Levittowns) traditional male breadwinner school schedules short + barely any childcare

Question 56

what derogatory term was used in West Germany for working mothers?

Answer 56

Rabenmutter

Question 57

what were gender roles like in East Germany?

Answer 57

strongly encouraged working mothers generous maternity leave policy lots of childcare freely available

Question 58

when was the "antisodomy statute" introduced as Paragraph 175 in the new German Imperial Criminal Code?

Answer 58

1871

Question 59

when did the GDR decriminalise homosexuality?

Answer 59

1957 - abolished Paragraph 175

Question 60

how many men were arrested in 1946-49 because West Germany used the revised Nazi version of Paragraph 175 to enforce it?

Answer 60

100k

Question 61

when did West Germany deemphasise enforcement of Paragraph 175?

Answer 61

1969

Question 62

when was Paragraph 175 dropped from the German Criminal Code?

Answer 62

1994 after E + W Germany reunited as Federal Republic of Germany

Question 63

when did student protests peak in West Germany?

Answer 63

1967-68 following a shooting of a student in Berlin

Question 64

what happened to Wolf Biermann at his concert?

Answer 64

his songs imitated American pop-folk music criticised GDR had citizenship + rights revoked didn't wanna leave but rather reshape GDR society triggered massive wave of protests