Diversity of Living Things - Chapter 3

Question 1

General characteristics of fungi

Answer 1

eukaryotic, heterotrophic, absorptive
the aboveground parts of the fungi are the reproductive parts, only purpose is to spread spores
hyphae = fine filaments of cytoplasm, nuclei, organelles
mycelium = the network of hyphae

Question 2

Importance of fungi

Answer 2

decomposers 
food for human consumption
toxic waste treatment
assist with plant growth 
helps build soil

Question 3

What fungi need to survive

Answer 3

food source that they can liquify
water or moisture so they don’t dry out
exchange of gas, cellular respiration

Question 4

Fungi reproduction

Answer 4

can be sexual or asexual
spore = haploid reproductive structure, capable of growing into a new individual
fungi are grouped on the type of spore produced and the structure created to release it

Question 5

Lifecycle of fungi

Answer 5

spore with a haploid nucleus germinates and produces hyphae
two hyphaes fuse
the cell grows into a new mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei
mycelium produces mushroom cap and basidia
in the basidia, the two haploid nuclei fuse forming a zygote
zygote undergoes meiosis and produces spores

Question 6

Anatomy of fungi

Answer 6

cap = holds the gills
gills = hold the basidia and the spores
stipe = raises spores off the ground so it can be airborne

Question 7

Saprophytic

Answer 7

recyclers, break down dead organic matter
secrete digestive enzymes that liquify organic matter
absorb nutrients through mycelium

Question 8

Parasitic

Answer 8

feed on living cells
hyphae penetrate host cell without killing it immediately
liquifies contents of host and absorbs through mycelium

Question 9

Mutualistic

Answer 9

example = mycorrhizal fungi
associated with specific plants
penetrate plant root cells and provide soil nutrients in return for nutrients from plants

Question 10

Chytrids

Answer 10

flagellated gametes
mobility
parasitic

Question 11

Zygomycotes

Answer 11

bread/fruit moulds

soil fungi

Question 12

Glomeromycetes

Answer 12

form symbiotic relationships with roots of land plants

example = mycorrhizal fungi

Question 13

Basidiomycetes

Answer 13

club fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi

Question 14

Ascomycetes

Answer 14

sac fungi, yeast, penicillin

Question 15

Lichen

Answer 15

symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus
fungus provides support and encasement
algae provides photosynthetic products

Question 16

Mitosis

Answer 16

cell division producing new cells for growth and repair

daughter cell is an exact clone of parent, same number of chromosomes

Question 17

Meiosis

Answer 17

2 stage cell division producing sex cells (gametes) with half of the number of chromosomes as the parent
gametes are genetically different from parent cell and each other

Question 18

Haploids and diploids

Answer 18

haploid = cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)
diploid = cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)

Question 19

Zygotes and embryos

Answer 19

zygote = cell formed by the fusion of two sex cells, they are diploid
embryo = body of cells that develops after cell division occurs in zygote

Question 20

Gametophytes and sporophytes

Answer 20

gametophyte = haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells 
sporophyte = diploid organism that produces haploid spores

Question 21

Alternation of generations

Answer 21

alternation of generations = one complete life cycle

lifecycle for plants includes both a diploid and a haploid stage

Question 22

Adaptation of plants

Answer 22

plants can’t physically migrate
to adapt from an aquatic environment they need:
structure to stay upright
conducting material for nutrients and waste
reproductive method that doesn’t include water
strategies for not losing water to environment

Question 23

Anatomy of plants

Answer 23

rhizoids = hair-like structures, function like tiny roots
vascular tissue = xylem and phloem transport water and glucose solution
cuticle = layer of waxy noncellular tissue to provide waterproofing
stomata = pores in epidermis for gas exchange and water loss prevention

Question 24

General characteristics of plants

Answer 24

eukaryotic, multicellular
use photosynthesis to produce food, autotrophic
cells walls containing cellulose
are a large source of oxygen for the planet
the basis for every terrestrial food web/chain

Question 25

Bryophytes

Answer 25

successful and widespread
three divisions = mosses, hornworts, liverworts
no vascular tissue, therefore they depend on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients
no roots, instead root-like rhizoids
sporophyte grows out of gametophyte
need wet conditions, because they have no vascular tissue and the male gametes must swim

Question 26

Pteridophytes

Answer 26

developed the vascular tissue that allowed them to grow tall
no flowers or seeds
simple roots and stems
sporophyte is independent from gametophyte

Question 27

Seeds

Answer 27

seed plants are most recently evolved

seeds are plant embryos with a food supply (cotyledon) and a protective coating

Question 28

Gymnosperms

Answer 28

disperse by means of seeds
reproduce sexually without needing water
consist only of seed, no surrounding fruit
includes cone-bearing trees, cycadophytes, gnetophytes, and ginkgophytes
gametes = female cones contain ovules, male cones produce pollen

Question 29

Angiosperms

Answer 29

the most diverse grouping of plants
plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit
divided into monocots and dicots
sexual reproduction by pollination uses wind and animals as pollen carriers
gametes = female flowers contain eggs, male flowers produce pollen

Question 30

Use of fruits

Answer 30

the fruit around the seeds helps with seed dispersal and growth
as fruit passes through a digestive tract, the seed coating is slowing weathered down

Question 31

General characteristics of animals

Answer 31

eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular
most are motile although some are sessile but can move during lifecycle
generally reproduce sexually, diploid stage of lifecycle dormant

Question 32

Germ layers

Answer 32

germ layers give rise to specific tissues in the adult
ectoderm (outer layer) = skin, nervous tissue
endoderm (inner layer) = lining of the gut, respiratory system
mesoderm (middle layer) = circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular systems

Question 33

Implication of germ layers

Answer 33

as organism complexity increases, a mesoderm appears

cells need to be serviced by a circulatory system as they aren’t in contact with the external environment

Question 34

Body cavities

Answer 34

located between body wall and gut
contains and protects the internal organs
coelomate = mesoderm surrounds the cavity while the endoderm surrounds the gut (annelida)
acoelomate = only a lined gut, no cavity within the mesoderm (platyhelminthes)
pseudocoelomate = a fluid filled space, not as sophisticated as a true coelom (nematoda)

Question 35

Body symmetry

Answer 35

radial symmetry = no defined head region, not suited to rapid locomotion
bilateral symmetry = a head region that can lead the organism
cephalization = the development of nervous tissue and feeding mechanisms in the head, integrates the activities of the nervous system, moves more efficiently