Diversity of Living Things - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses

A

consist of hereditary material (DNA or RNA), and a capsid (protein coat with protruding glycoproteins)
some viruses contain protein knobs that allow interaction with cell membrane receptors on their target cell
not living organisms = not composed of cells, not capable of reproduction in absence of a suitable host cell

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2
Q

Lytic cycle of bacteriophage

A
recognition = virus recognizes target cell, and capsid combines with cell receptor
insertion = genetic component is injected into host cell
replication = viral DNA causes bacteria to synthesize new phage components
assembly = new phages self-assemble
lysis = bateria burst (lyses), releases bacteriophages
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3
Q

Lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage

A

recognition and insertion occurs
viral DNA is incorporated into host chromosome and remains dormant
bacterial reproduction occurs, and each daughter cell contains viral DNA
phage DNA is activated and new phages are produced

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4
Q

Transduction

A

incorporation of host cell DNA into the viral DNA

sometimes leads to new viral properties

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5
Q

Vaccines

A

compromised versions of the virus trigger immune response (development of antibodies) that will be remembered for any future viral infection

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6
Q

Usefulness of viruses

A

gene therapy uses viruses to deliver a new copy of a gene to a malfunctioning cell
target drug delivery uses viruses to deliver a drug to a diseased cell

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7
Q

Roles of bacteria

A
recycling
production of products 
poison-eating
food digestion
vitamin synthesis
nitrogen fixation
source of antibiotics
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8
Q

Bacteria reproduction

A

binary fission = DNA duplicates inside cell, then separates into two separate daughter cells
conjugation = pilus connects cells forming cytoplasmic bridge, “male” delivers genetic material (usually plasmid) to “female” cell

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9
Q

Plasmids

A

small circles of double-stranded DNA found in some bacteria
often contains genes for resistance
often used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology

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10
Q

Transformation

A

the process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment
if genes come from another species, it is called lateral gene transfer

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11
Q

Bacteria survival

A

microorganisms sense and adapt to changes in their environment
some bacteria may become motile or produce enzymes to exploit alternative resources

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12
Q

Endospores

A

develop during time of stress
can survive extreme environmental conditions
they are not readily killed by may antimicrobial agents

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13
Q

Harmfull effects of bacteria

A

compromised cell function, destruction of healthy cells, production of toxins
spread by = airborne, dust, direct contact, fecal contamination, animal bites, wounds

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14
Q

Prevention against bacteria

A
body’s defense mechanisms
sterilization/disinfection
extermination of diseased animals
immunization
administration of antibiotics
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15
Q

Antibiotics

A

naturally produced by bacteria or fungi
penicillin, streptomycin
important to take the entire dosage even if symptoms improve

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16
Q

Bacteria resistance

A

variation within species allows for survival of the fittest

those that survive antibiotic treatment pass immunities to offspring

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17
Q

Methanogens

A

methane-producing

anaerobes = live in oxygen free environments

18
Q

Halophiles

A

salt-loving

inhabit extreme saline environments

19
Q

Thermophiles

A

heat-loving
inhabit areas such as hot sulfur springs, volcanoes, deep sea vents
grow best at temperatures above 70 degrees Celsius

20
Q

Psydophiles

A

cold-loving
found in Arctic/Antarctic oceans and ice
grow best between -10 and -20 degrees Celsius

21
Q

Survival of archaebacteria

A

very specialized enzymes to carry out chemical processes
anaerobic
lipid membranes withstand the extreme conditions

22
Q

Shapes of eubacteria

A
coccus = round
bacillus = oblong
spirilla = spiral
23
Q

Colony organization of eubacteria

A
staphylo = clumps
strepto = chains
diplo = pairs
24
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

they don’t hold the purple stain
more dangerous as they are more resistant to antibiotics
complex cell walls, smaller amounts of peptidoglycan, possess an outer lipid containing membrane which hides the antigens of the cells

25
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

they hold the purple stain
infections are more susceptible to common antibiotics
human body does not contain peptidoglycan and produces an enzyme which attacks the abundant peptidoglycan layer of the bacteria

26
Q

Respiration of eubacteria

A

obligate aerobes = require oxygen
obligate anaerobes = require no oxygen
facultative anaerobes = can handle either

27
Q

Grouping of protista

A

very diverse group
most are single celled
all are eukaryotes

28
Q

Protozoa

A
animal like protists, but lack tissue and body cavities, unicellular
heterotrophs
variety of shapes and sizes
complex life cycles
live in aquatic environments
grouped based on method of locomotion
29
Q

Flagellates

A

move by means of whip like flagella
hard, protective covering over membrane
can be symbiotic, parasitic, or free-living

30
Q

Sarcodines

A

amoebas
move and engulf prey by producing limb-like extensions (pseudopodia)
scavengers, parasites, or free-living

31
Q

Sporozoans

A

parasites
form spores at some point in their life cycle
adapted to transferring offspring from one host to another
lack the means of independent movement

32
Q

Ciliates

A

covered in tiny cilia
beat in coordinated rhythm to move organism
cilia sweep food into vacuole
often large and complex cells

33
Q

Algae

A

plant-like protists, photosynthesize
contain chlorophyll
classified based on type of chloroplast and pigment
base of aquatic food webs (phytoplankton)

34
Q

Green algae

A

live mainly in freshwater

unicellular or multicellular

35
Q

Brown algae

A

live in colder saltwater

multicellular

36
Q

Red algae

A

inhabit warmer saltwater

multicellular

37
Q

Diatoms

A

most abundant unicellular algae in oceans
major food resource at bottom of food chain
major source of atmospheric oxygen
cells walls of silica, box-like construction

38
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

major component at bottom of aquatic food chain

sometimes produce toxins that accumulate in filter feeders (shellfish)

39
Q

Euglenoids

A

often capable of photosynthesis as well as eating

mainly freshwater species

40
Q

Slime moulds

A

produce spores like fungi, glide and ingest food like protozoa, cellulose divides cell wall like plants
visible to naked eye
plasmodium contains many nuclei
moves to engulf food