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Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria

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2
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The branch of science that deals with the classification of living things

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3
Q

What is Binomial nomenclature

A

the system of naming in which 2 Latin words identify every organism

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4
Q

What do the two parts of a name using binomial nomenclature mean

A

first part is the genus of an organism, second part is the species name

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5
Q

what is the order of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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6
Q

What can looking at the classification of an organism tell you

A

How closely the organisms are related

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7
Q

What is a dichotomous key

A

helps you identify a specimen when you don’t know what it is

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8
Q

what does dichotomous mean

A

means 2 choices because the key gives you 2 descriptions at a time, choose the one that fits to help identify an object

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9
Q

What kingdoms are comprised of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

What kingdoms are comprised of eukaryotic cells

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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11
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

smaller, unicellular, no nucleus (single cellular DNA loop), no organelles bound by membranes, binary fission (may have exchange of genes through conjugation), many are anaerobic

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12
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

larger, usually multicellular, has a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes, multiple chromosomes, has membrane-bound organelles, sexual and asexual through mitosis or meiosis, most are aerobic

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13
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

all single-celled organisms, prokaryotic cells, have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

a mat of sugar molecules woven together with proteins

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15
Q

How are bacteria classified

A

classified into 30 phyla based on shape, configuration, structure of their cell walls, their source of energy

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16
Q

What are the main shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilli

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17
Q

What is the advantage of the cocci shape in bacteria

A

more resistant to drying than bacilli

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18
Q

What is the advantage of the bacilli shape in bacteria

A

more surface area for nutrient absorption

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19
Q

What is the advantage of the spirilli shape in bacteria

A

provides less resistance to movement

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20
Q

What are the prefixes to classify bacteria by configuration

A

mono: singly
diplo/di: pairs
strepto: chains
staphylo: clumps

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21
Q

What does aerobic mean

A

requires oxygen in order to perform cellular respiration to get energy

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22
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

do not require oxygen, some actually die in the presence of oxygen

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23
Q

How do bacteria obtain energy without oxygen

A

Fermentation. The products of fermentation are usually alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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24
Q

What organic compounds can different groups of bacteria produce

A

ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, acetone, acetic acid, and methane

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25
Q

What is an autotroph

A

make their own food (either by photosynthetic or chemosynthetic)

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26
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

need to eat since they cannot make their own food

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27
Q

What does Gram-positive mean

A

stain purple due to a thick protein layer in their cell walls

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28
Q

What does Gram-negative mean

A

stain pink due to a thin layer of protein in their cell walls

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29
Q

How are archaea and bacteria similar

A

common forms are rods and spheres, both groups have members that form aggregations, reproduce using binary fission and can also undergo conjugation.

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30
Q

Can archaea produce endospores

A

no, but bacteria can

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31
Q

what are endospheres

A

hard-walled structures that protect the bacteria from extremely high/low temperatures, drying, radiation, toxins, etc.

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32
Q

what is one of the major differences between archaea and bacteria

A

archaea can live in very extreme environments, they are extremophiles

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33
Q

What are the types of archaea based on the extreme environments they can live in

A

Thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles

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34
Q

What are thermophiles

A

found in environments that have temperatures over 100C such as deep sea vents and hot springs

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35
Q

what are acidophiles

A

lives in habitats that usually have a pH of less than 3, acidic environments are often caused by sulfur from geothermal activity, ex. volcanic crater lakes, mine drainage lakes

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36
Q

what are halophiles

A

live in salt concentrations over 20% (some, like the Dead Sea at ~35%, have much higher concentrations)

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37
Q

What is the only organelle in a prokaryotic cell

A

Ribosomes because they don’t have membranes around them

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38
Q

What is conjugation

A

A process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving 2 cells. This process produces cells with new genetic combinations, and thereby provides a chance that some may be better adapted to changing conditions.

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39
Q

What is a plasmid

A

small, circular loop of DNA in a bacteria cell

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40
Q

Characteristics of protists

A

eukaryotes, most are single celled (a few plant-like protists are multicellular), most live in aquatic environments,

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41
Q

types of protists

A

plant-like, animal-like, fungi-like

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42
Q

characteristics of plant-like protists

A

photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll, aquatic, may be single celled (like euglena) or multicellular (like algae)

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43
Q

characteristics of animal-like protists

A

are heterotrophic, single celled, further classified by type of locomotion

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44
Q

types of locomotion for animal-like protists

A

pseudopods, flagella, cillia, spores

45
Q

characteristics of fungi-like protists

A

often called slime moulds, heterotrophic, prefer cool and shady and moist places, may be parasitic or saprophytic (eat dead stuff)

46
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).

47
Q

what are evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory

A

the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the way the organelles reproduce, and the internal structure and biochemistry of the organelles

48
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

heterotrophs, incapable of their own locomotion (non-motile), have cell walls made of chitin, most are multicellular (a few, like yeast, are single celled)

49
Q

How do fungi feed

A

they absorb nutrients from the environment around them

50
Q

how do fungi digest

A

release digestive enzymes into their surroundings, then absorb the digested nutrients into their cells

51
Q

what is hyphae

A

a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus

52
Q

what is mycelium

A

a complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae

53
Q

what is the fruiting body

A

the spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi

54
Q

what is fragmentation

A

a piece of mycelium breaks and forms a new individual

55
Q

what is a spore

A

microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced

56
Q

4 ways that fungi can be grouped according to how they obtain nutrition

A

parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, saprobial

57
Q

how do parasitic fungi obtain nutrients

A

absorb nutrients from the living cells of a host organism

58
Q

how do predatory fungi obtain nutrients

A

soil fungi, whose mycelia have specialized structures for trapping prey

59
Q

how do mutualistic fungi obtain nutrients

A

have partnerships with other organisms, mycelia cover the roots of a plant, mycelia increase absorptive surface of the pant roots, allowing the plant to take more nutrients, fungus receives sugar from the plant

60
Q

how do saprobial fungi obtain their nutrients

A

feeds on dead organisms or organic wastes

61
Q

characteristics of plants

A

eukaryotes, multicellular, lack mobility, have cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthetic autotrophs, have tissue and organ development (sometimes complex)

62
Q

What are the challenges of early plants

A

organisms had to transport nutrients rather than relying on water to “bathe” their cells to acquire nutrients through diffusion, had to develop a method of reproduction that did not depend on water, limiting water loss (there is a greater evaporation rate on land)

63
Q

What is the order of the plant kingdom

A

vascular plants, seeded, angiosperms, dicot/monocot

64
Q

what is a vascular plant

A

has transport tubes (ex. veins) ex. maple tree

65
Q

what is a non-vascular plant

A

no transport tubes, ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts

66
Q

example of seedless plant

A

ex. ferns (uses spores), horsetails

67
Q

what is a gymnosperm

A

“naked” seeds, has cones, ex. pine cones

68
Q

what is an angiosperm

A

enclosed or covered seeds, has flowers

69
Q

what is a monocot

A

one cotyledon, parallel veins, ex. corn

70
Q

what is a dicot

A

two cotyledon, branching veins, ex. bean, peanut

71
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process of using energy from the sun to create food for the organism

72
Q

what kingdoms undergo photosynthesis

A

all plants, some bacteria and protists

73
Q

4 main organs in plants

A

roots, stems, leaves, flowers

74
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in plants

A

leaves and stems

75
Q

what is the process of photosynthesis

A

using light to change carbon dioxide into sugar for the plants, oxygen is given off as waste in this process

76
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

77
Q

What 2 main stages can photosynthesis be divided into

A

The Light Reaction, and the Calvin Cycle

78
Q

where does the light reaction occur

A

in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. these membranes contain several pigments, the most important being chlorophyll.

79
Q

what are photosystems in the light reaction

A

chlorophyll pigments clustered into groups

80
Q

what is the reaction center in the light reaction

A

special chlorophyll that photosystems funnel energy to. uses energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen

81
Q

what does the light reaction produce

A

oxygen is given off as waste, hydrogen atoms are used to produce ATP (an energy carrier molecule)

82
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

83
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle

A

carbon dioxide that is brought in through leaf pores are attached together using ATP from the light reaction to make sugar (C6H12O6)

84
Q

what is a cotyledon

A

part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, the first leaves of a plant

85
Q

characteristics of animals

A

multicellular eukaryotes, cells have no cell walls (only a membrane), heterotrophs, motile

86
Q

How are animals classified into phyla

A

based on the basis or differences in their structure, tissues and organ systems

87
Q

what are major characteristics used to classify animals

A

body organization (tissues, organs, organ systems), number of body or “germ” layers (2 or 3) in development, body symmetry (bilateral or radial), digestive tract (1 or 2 openings), body cavity of coelum (does the organism have a body cavity or not)

88
Q

example of porifera

A

sponge

89
Q

example of cnidaria

A

jellyfish, anenomes, corals

90
Q

example of platyhelminthes

A

flatworms (tapeworms)

91
Q

example of annelida

A

earthworm (segmented)

92
Q

example of mollusca

A

clams, snails, octopus

93
Q

example of anthropoda

A

spiders, scorpions, crustaceans

94
Q

example of echinodermata

A

sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

95
Q

characteristics of porifera

A

aquatic, radial, 2 layers of cells with no tissue specialization, sessile as adults, 1 digestive opening

96
Q

characteristics of cnidaria

A

aquatic, radial, 2 layers of cells but have specialized tissues, motile, have a body cavity, 1 digestive opening

97
Q

characteristics of platyhelminthes

A

least complex worms, no coelum, 3 layers of cells, simple nervous system, body with head, 2 digestive openings

98
Q

characteristics of annelida

A

coelomate, segmented, distinct head, several organ systems, 2 openings

99
Q

characteristics of mollusca

A

bilateral, 3 layers of cells, coelum, 2 openings, organ systems, capable of movement, exoskeleton

100
Q

characteristics of anthropoda

A

exoskeleton, 2 openings, bilateral symmetry

101
Q

characteristics of echinodermata

A

radial, internal skeleton, segmented body, hard exoskeleton, has organs

102
Q

what is a capsid

A

the protein shell outside of the virus

103
Q

why isn’t a virus a living thing

A

require a host cell to reproduce, no cellular parts or structure

104
Q

What is the basic structural parts of a virus

A

they all have a nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid

105
Q

what is the significance of viruses

A

they can cause diseases in animals and plants, can be used in biotechnology to clone genes and insert them into another organism by “infecting” it

106
Q

what are the two ways a virus can reproduce

A

lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle

107
Q

how does the lytic cycle work

A

a virus injects its DNA into a host cell, taking over the cell and causing it to start producing viral parts. Once those parts are assembled, the cell ruptures, releasing new viral particles.

108
Q

how does the lysogenic cycle work

A

the virus fuses itself into the DNA and become part of the cell. when the cell divides, the virus is part of the daughter cell’s DNA as well

Biology (4 decks)

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