Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an organic macromolecule

A

Very large molecules with a carbon backbone used by the body as a source of nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a polymer

A

A chain of repeating units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a monomer

A

The part that repeats in a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main types of carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars and complex sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are simple sugars used for

A

Short-term energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are complex sugars used for

A

Long-term energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of simple carbs

A

Honey, cookies, chocolate, fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of complex carbs

A

Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are lipids and what are they used for

A

Oils and fats made of 3 fatty acids and glycerol. Used for long-term storage of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of lipids

A

Avocado, butter, ice cream, seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the subunits that make up proteins

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are functions that proteins can serve

A

Build/grow muscle, use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in the body, carries oxygen, are antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do enzymes do? why are they necessary?

A

Enzymes are proteins, speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would happen very slow in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What enzyme is used to break down carbohydrates and what does it break down into?

A

Carbohydrase -> simple sugars usually glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What enzyme is used to break down lipids and what does it break down into?

A

Lipase -> 3 fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What enzyme is used to break down proteins and what does it break down into?

A

Protease -> amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of minerals and vitamins in the body?

A

Fight infection, heal wounds, make bones stronger, boosts immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Used for short-term energy storage. Glucose, galactose, fructose. All 3 monosaccharides have the same formula (C6H12O6) but have different structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Many sugars chemically bonded together. Can be many hundreds of sugars long and known as complex carbs. Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Starch

A

How plants store excess energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cellulose

A

used by many plants as a structural component (cell walls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is glycogen

A

Animals use as an energy storage molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lipids

A

Two main types are fats and oils. Used as long-term energy. Known as triglycerides. Made of 3 fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers made up of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Are polymers, the repeating units that make them up are nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What organs are in the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, small intestine (jejunum), stomach, pancreas, large intestine (colon), rectum, appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do simple organisms obtain nutrients

A

Through simple diffusion, (the same way they obtain oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two main functions of the digestive system

A

To break down food, to absorb the nutrients into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an “open tube” digestive system

A

Food travels in one direction only, nutrients are extracted, and waste continues in the same direction until it is eliminated from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

The teeth breaking down the food into smaller pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What functions does mechanical digestion serve in the mouth

A

Makes food small enough to pass through the rest of the system, allows for greater surface area for chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do the salivary glands do

A

Secrete mucus, water, and an enzyme known as salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is salivary amylase

A

Breaks down large starch molecules (carbohydrates_ into simple sugar molecules. Works best at a neutral pH. Appears in the salivary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the esphagus

A

A muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

A flap which closes over the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The rhythmic contractions of muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the cardiac sphincter

A

Found in the esophagus. A circular band of muscle that contracts to provide some involuntary control of food entering or leaving the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How is mechanical digestion used in the stomach

A

Mechanical digestion through the contraction of the 3 layers of muscles around it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is gastrin used for

A

Stimulates the glands of the stomach to produce their secretions. Food coming into the stomach stimulates the gastrin hormone and causes it to be released into the blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Pepsin

A

An enzyme that requires a low pH to be activated. In an inactive form it is added to the stomach contents (know known as chyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is hydrochloric acid used for in the stomach

A

Breaks down fibrous tissue and lowers the pH so that pepsin will start working to break down proteins (into amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is amylase used for in the stomach

A

Stops functioning in the stomach since the pH drops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is mucus used for in the stomach

A

Added to protect the stomach lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter

A

A circular band of tissue found in the stomach. Controls movement of food into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where does the majority of chemical digestion occur

A

In the first part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What happens when chyme (formerly pepsin) enters the duodenum

A

Triggers the release of secretin, a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does secretin do in the small intestine

A

Travels to the pancreas and causes it to release sodium bicarbonate into the duct that empties into the small intestine. This increases the pH of chyme to about 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is CCK used for

A

Released from the duodenal cells and travels to the pancreas, causing it to release its enzymes, and the gall bladder, causing it to release bile.

50
Q

What is bile used for

A

Emulsifies fat. Physical breakdown that breaks big blobs into little blobbies. Released from the gall bladder.

51
Q

What are the accessory organs and what are they

A

The liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Are essential to digestion but food doesn’t pass through them.

52
Q

What enzymes are added to chyme in the duodenum

A

Carbohydrases (breaks down carbohydrates), Proteases (breaks down proteins), and Lipases (breaks down lipids/fats)

53
Q

What are the jejunum and ileum used for

A

Primarily used for absorption

54
Q

How do the jejunum and ileum absorb

A

Contain finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption of the digested nutrients

55
Q

What are inside of villi and what are they used for

A

Capillary networks which are used for absorbing simple sugars and amino acids, and a central lacteal for absorbing fat.

56
Q

What does the large intestine do

A

Absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the undigested food. Intestinal bacteria eat the waste and produce vitamins B and K as their waste product which are absorbed.

57
Q

Where does undigested material (feces) go

A

Travels to the rectum for storage and then is eliminated through the anus.

58
Q

What are the 3 components of saliva

A

Mucus, water, salivary amylase

59
Q

What is water used in saliva

A

Moistens food so that it can easily go down the esophagus

60
Q

What is heartburn and why does it happen

A

Eat too much, the cardiac sphincter can’t close properly, acid goes up into the esophagus

61
Q

What are hormones

A

A chemical messenger

62
Q

What do enzymes do in the digestive system? Why are there so many of them?

A

Break down chemical bonds in food. So many because every enzyme has specific things they can break down. They are particular to specific substances.

63
Q

What are acids and bases used for in the digestive system

A

Activate/deactivate enzymes based on location.

64
Q

What are two main functions of the small intestine

A

Absorbs the nutrients of the food passing through it, chemical breakdown of macromolecules into smaller compounds that will fit into cells.

65
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood: vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood: pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, the rest of the body.

66
Q

What is the atrioventricular node

A

Located above the ventricles. Directs electrochemical impulses through the bundle of His

67
Q

What is the function of the bundle of His

A

Travel downward through the muscular walls of the ventricles and cause both ventricles to contract at the same time.

68
Q

What are the 3 main jobs of the circulatory system

A

Transport of substances, protection, regulation of body temperature

69
Q

What substances does the circulatory system transport

A

Nutrients (from the digestive system), gases (from the respiratory system), hormones, waste

70
Q

How does the circulatory system protect the body

A

Special cells and antibodies fight bacterial and viral infections. Blood clotting, which prevents loss of blood.

71
Q

How does the circulatory system regulate body temperature

A

Distributes blood appropriately to maintain a relative constant temperature

72
Q

What are the 3 parts of the circulatory system

A

The heart, the blood vessels, the blood

73
Q

What is plasma and what is it used for

A

Clear, yellowish fluid composed of mostly water. It also contains proteins and ions. Dissolves substances for transport (sugars, gases, waste), helps in clotting blood (a protein called fibrinogen), helps with immunity (proteins called globulins)

74
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

74
Q

What are red blood cells

A

Oxygen transport. Are disk-shaped that have no nucleus at maturity. Contains millions of proteins called hemoglobin.

75
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Iron-containing proteins. Binds effectively with oxygen, and therefore maximizes the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.

76
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Help the body fight infection. Make up 1% of blood volume, however they increase in number during illness. Some are phagocytic, while others create antibodies that allow pathogens to be detected and destroyed.

77
Q

What does phagocytic mean

A

“Cell eaters”

78
Q

What are platelets

A

Cell fragments that form when larger cells in bone marrow break. Play a role in blood clotting.

79
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins that white blood cells make to get rid of foreign antigens in your body

80
Q

What are antigens

A

Small identifying proteins on cell membranes

81
Q

What is the heart used for

A

Pumps blood through the body

82
Q

What are blood vessels used for

A

Directs the blood

83
Q

What is the blood used for

A

Transports oxygen, hormones, and nutrients

84
Q

What is the septum

A

The muscular wall that separates the right and left halves of the heart

85
Q

What is the largest vein in the body

A

The vena cava

86
Q

What is the largest artery in the body

A

The aorta

87
Q

What does the term “pulmonary” refer to (as in the pulmonary vein)

A

The lungs, takes blood to the lungs

88
Q

What proportion of blood volume is plasma?

A

55%

89
Q

What proportion of plasma is water? What is the remainder made of?

A

92% water, rest is made up of proteins and sugars

90
Q

What is fibrinogen and its function

A

A protein used to clot blood

91
Q

What are globulins and what do they do

A

Proteins that are a part of the immune system

92
Q

What is the function of erythocytes

A

Carries oxygen

93
Q

Which blood cells have the longest lifespan

A

Red blood cells, 220 days

94
Q

Where in the body does the most blood generation occur

A

Bone marrow

95
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node

A

Initiates atrial contraction

96
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

97
Q

What are arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart. A small artery is called an arteriole. Have thick, muscular walls so they can withstand the pressure exerted by the blood when it is pumped by the heart.

98
Q

What are Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart. Small veins are called venules. Thinner walls with valves to prevent backflow.

99
Q

What are capillaries

A

Connection between the smallest arteries and veins. Found within the tissues and allow exchange of nutrients/ gases through very thin walls.

100
Q

What is blood pressue

A

A measure of the force blood exerts on the arteries

101
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract

102
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed between beats

103
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration

A

Oxygen is used to break down sugars in order to obtain energy. It occurs in all cells to provide them with energy. This is why we breathe. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

104
Q

Why do we breathe continuously

A

Oxygen cannot be stored by the body, so we need to breathe continuously to provide out bodies with oxygen so sugars can be broken down. At the same time, waste carbon dioxide that is produced by cells is eliminated from the body

105
Q

Where does air travel through humans

A

Mouth/ nose (nasal passages), pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi

106
Q

What does the nasal passage do

A

Filter + moisten air

107
Q

What does the pharynx (throat) do

A

Common passage for food + air

108
Q

What does the larynx (voice box) do

A

Protects vocal cords

109
Q

What does the trachea (wind pipe) do

A

Main tube bringing air down to bronchi. It has C-shaped cartilage rings

110
Q

What does the bronchi (singular bronchus) do

A

2 main tubes leading into lungs. Have O-shaped rings.

111
Q

What do bronchioles do

A

Tiny branching passageways leading from the bronchi to the air sacs (alveoli)

112
Q

What do the alveoli do

A

Gas exchange, (O2 into blood capillaries; CO2 out into space). Must have a moist surface and large surface area.

113
Q

What regulates breathing

A

Mainly the concentration of carbon dioxide, not oxygen

114
Q

What happens when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood reaches a certain level

A

The medulla oblongata of the brain send out nerve impulses which trigger the muscles of the ribcage and the diaphragm

115
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing

A

Air always flows from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. The changing air pressure in our lungs is what causes inhalation and exhalation.

116
Q

What is inhalation

A

The intercostal muscles contract, moving the rib cage up and out. The diaphragm contracts, causing it to flatten and move down. These 2 things cause the chest cavity to become larger. The air pressure in the lungs is decreased, air comes rushing in to equalize the pressure

117
Q

How does the diaphragm look at rest and when contracted

A

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle at rest, when it contracts it flattens.

118
Q

What is exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles relax, causing the rib to move up and in. The diaphragm relaxes and return to its dome shape. These 2 things cause the chest cavity to become smaller. The air pressure in the lungs is increased, air is forced out.

119
Q

How does skin respiration work

A

Exchange of respiratory gases through diffusion. This is done through a thin layer of keratin and capillaries in the skin

120
Q

How do gills work

A

As the fish opens its mouth, water runs over the gills, and blood in the capillaries picks up oxygen that’s dissolved in the water.

121
Q

How does tracheal respiration work

A

When you breathe in, air travels from your nose or mouth through your larynx. It then passes through your trachea to your bronchi. Your bronchi carry the air to your lungs.

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions