Diversity of Life Flashcards
What is the principle of classification?
Principle and system used to identify each species or organisms respectively (structural and morphology similarities)
Binomial nomenclature
First part is genus, second part is species.
Italicized or underlined (genus is capital)
Talk about virus/virion.
Tiny and consist of nucleic acid core surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
No ribosomes
Cannot independently perform metabolic activities (noncellular infectious agents)
Only reproduce when infect living host cell.
What is a retrovirus?
Type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome (complete set of gene) into the DNA of a host cell that it invades which changes the genome of that cell.
What are the four types of virus?
Tobacco mosaic virus.
Adenovirus.
Influenza virus.
Bacteriophage.
Talk about Influenza virus.
Causes flu (contagious respiratory illness)
Its capsid contain the antigenic glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
Talk about tobacco mosaic virus.
Rod like appearance
Covered by capsid that encloses virus’s genetic material (single stranded RNA molecule)
Causes nutrient deficit symptoms on leaves.
Talk about adenovirus.
Group of common viruses that infect airways, lungs, eyes, intestines, urinary tract and nervous system.
252 capsomere makes up the icosahedral capsid.
Talk about bacteriophage.
Virus that infects bacteria.
Consists of a polyhedral head, short collar and a helical tail.
How does virus produce?
Lytic replication = multiplication forming rapid and new viral particles and released by lysis.
Lysogenic replication = virus enters a latent state which extends cycle.
Talk about lytic replication pathway.
Phage attaches to cell surface of bacteria.
Phage DNA enters bacterial cell.
Phage DNA is replicated and phage proteins are synthesized.
Phage components are assembled into new viruses.
Bacterial cell lyses and releases many phages that can infect other cells.
Talk about lysogenic replication pathway.
Phage attaches to cell surface of bacteria.
Phage DNA enters bacterial cell.
Phage DNA integrates into bacterial DNA forming prophage.
Integrated prophage replicates when bacterial DNA replicates (cell exhibits new properties)
Talk about Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
Highly contagious to human (transmitted by direct contact with blood, body fluids or skin of patients)
Fever, muscle pain and massive internal bleeding.
90 percent death rate.
What are the three types of domain?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
What is the difference between domain bacteria and archaea?
B = peptidoglycan cell wall, A = pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall
B = ester linked lipids in membrane, A = ether linked lipids in membrane
B = lives everywhere, A = lives in extremely harsh environments
B = cause human disease, A = no human disease
B = binary fission, A = BF, fragmentation, budding
What is the similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote?
Flagella, plasma membrane, cell division, cytoplasm, ribosome, chromosome.
What are the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote?
E = bigger, membrane bounded organelles, linear DNA, histones, mitosis
P = smaller, unbounded nucleoid, circular DNA, binary fission
Talk about obligate aerobes.
Absolutely require oxygen for respiration.
Talk about facultative aerobes.
Prefer oxygen presence but can adjust metabolic machinery to grow in absence of oxygen.
Talk about obligate anaerobes.
Grow only in absence of oxygen.
Gets killed by exposure to oxygen (lethal).
Talk about Domain bacteria.
prokaryotes, no membrane bounded organelles.
Rapidly reproduce through binary fission.
Used as decomposer, cycle nutrients, form partnership with other species
Kingdom = Eubacteria
Phylum = Cyanobacteria
What are the three types of bacteria?
Psychrophilic = very cold temperature
Mesophilic = human body temperature
Thermophilic = very hot temperature
Talk about Phylum Cyanobacteria.
Blue green algae
Oxygenic phototrophs and Gram Negative
Photosynthetic prokaryote, aquatic
Carbon and nitrogen fertilizer
As food source
Produce oxygen
Talk about Domain Archaea.
Similar structure to bacteria.
Extremophiles (live in extreme condition)
Three types : methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles (hypersaline environment)
What are methanogens?
Obligate anaerobes
Produce methane as a metabolic by product in anoxic conditions.
What are the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Talk about Kingdom Protista.
Unicellular eukaryotes, some multicellular
Cellulose as cell wall
What are the phylums under Protista?
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Talk about Phylum Ciliophora.
Unicellular
Has cilia and nuclear dimorphism
Reproduce by conjugation
Paramecium
Talk about Phylum Apicomplexa.
No cilia or flagella.
Intracellular parasite of malaria (human and Anopheles mosquito as host)
Plasmodium
How does Plasmodium affect human?
Plasmodium sp, enters host (adult female mosquito)
Reproduce in the cells and produce oocyst (infection form)
Parasite transferred to humans through mosquito bite.
Talk about phylum chlorophyta.
Green algae
Contains chlorophyll a and b
Stores starch
Lives in freshwater, marine, terrestrial
Unicellular
Has flagella for locomotion
Chlamydomonas and chlorella
Talk about phylum rhodophyta.
Unicellular or multicellular
No flagella
Contain pigment chlorophyll a, d, phycobilin (capture light in deep water)
Composed of calcium carbonate
Halimane sp
What is the algae extracted to make agar?
Red algae (Gracilaria genus)
Contains felling agent (unbranched polysaccharide)
Pyropia sp used as Nori (sushi roll wrap)
Talk about Phylum Phaeophyta.
Brown algae, multicellular
Pigments chlorophyll a, c , xanthophylls (stores laminarin)
Seaweeds
What is the difference between protozoa and algae?
P = animal protist kingdom, A = plant protist kingdom
P = unicellular, A = mostly multicellular
P = heterotroph, A = autotroph
P = no cell wall, A = has cell wall
P = motile, A = generally non motile
Talk about Kingdom fungi.
Mycology (study of fungi)
Mushrooms
Most are multicellular
Heterotrophs
Used for human consumption and medicine
No chlorophyll
Chitin and glucan (complex polysaccharides) in cell wall
Eukaryotes
Non vascular and non motile
How does fungi reproduce?
A = budding, sporogenesis, fragmentation
S = cytoplasmic fusion. nuclear fusion, meiosis
What is the morphology of fungi?
Body of fungus consists of tiny filaments (hyphae) repeated into a complicated, radially expanding network (mycelium)
Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by septa (internal cell wall)
Coenocytic fungi lack septa.
What are the three phylum of fungi?
Zygomycota (mold)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Talk about phylum zygomycota.
Cell walls composed of chitin.
Root like structure aiding in anchorage and nutrient absorption.
How does Zygomycota sexually reproduce?
Occur when environmental conditions become unfavorable
Zygospore develops in zygosporangia
Gametangia formation, Gametangia contact, Plasmogamy, Zygospore formation, Karyogamy, Meiosis, Spore release
How does Zygomycota asexually reproduce?
Haploid spore produced in sporangia.
Sporangia develop terminally on hyphal branches called sporangiophore (simple and unbranched)
Dispersed by air under dry condition.
How does phylum Ascomycota sexually reproduce?
Ascus are sac like structure where sexual reproduction occur.
Formed in ascomata
Allows production and offers protective barrier for ascospores.
Usually 8 ascospores in one ascus
How does phylum Ascomycota asexually reproduce?
Through Conidiophore
Talk about phylum Basidiomycota.
Mushroom producing fungi
Forms spores in a structure called basidium
Can cause human disease (athlete’s foot and ringworm) and crops infection
Button mushroom, oyster mushroom, Shitake mushroom
What is lichen?
Composite thalloid structure of two organism (photobiont + mycobiont) in symbiotic relationship
Absorbs nitrogen and Sulphur from air.
Can grow on almost any surface.
What are the three different growth forms of lichen?
Folios lichen = leaf like lobes, not tightly pressed to substrate
Crustose lichen = flat, tightly grow on surface (crust like structure)
Fruticose lichen = grow erect with many branches (cylindrical ribbon)
Talk about Kingdom Plantae.
Chlorophyll a (principle pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis) and b (accessory pigment that collects sunlight and pass to a)
Store starch inside chloroplast
Cell wall made from beta glucose (strong and firm)
What are the two multicell bodies of plants?
Haploid gametophyte (gamete producing plant)
Diploid sporophyte (spore producing plant)
Dominant gametophyte in mosses
Ferns and woody plants have larger and longer lived sporophytes.
How does gametophyte formed?
Two haploid gametes fertilized into diploid zygote which grows into sporophyte.
Mature sporophyte develops reproductive organ (sporangia)
Forms haploid spores through meiosis released into air or water and carried away
Develops into gametophyte at suitable environment
How does sporophyte formed?
Haploid spores germinate and grow forming gametophyte (mitosis occur at maturity)
Gametes produced by special organs on gametophyte (gametangia)
Gametes spread into environment or transferred between plants.
Opposite gametes fuse together through fertilization forming another diploid zygote
Sporophyte formed.
What is the differences between sporophyte and gametophyte?
S = results in spore generation, G = results in gamete formation
S = diploid plants, G = haploid plants
S = meiosis, G = mitosis
S = asexual, G = sexual
S = generated by gamete fertilization, G = generated by spore germination
What are the types of kingdom Plantae?
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
Vascular plants
Talk about Bryophytes.
Non vascular (lacks xylem and phloem)
Limited to height and size
Spore formation and sexual reproduction
Liverworts, moss, hornworts
What are the phylum under bryophyte?
Bryophyta
Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta
Talk about Phylum Bryophyta.
True mosses
Moist environment for active growth and reproduction (absorb water and nutrient with their surface)
Covered in waxy cuticle to retain water
Hornworts grow on damp soil and rocks
Moss are tiny plants growing together like a spongy mat or cushion
Liverworts have bodies divided into lobes
Talk about phylum Hepatophyta.
Lacks stomata
Pores for gas exchange
Contains Gemmae cups for asexual reproduction
Antheridiophore (patio umbrella) bores antheridia (embedded on top containing sperm)
Archegoniophore (palm tree) bores archegonia (dangling underneath like egg)
Talk about Gemmae cups.
Gemmae is a single cell or mass of cells, or a modified tissue buds that detach from parent and develops into a new individual.
Gemmae cups absorb water, swell and cause Gemmae to detach.
Talk about vascular plants.
Has specialized vascular system
Grow taller and access more resource
Either seed or seedless
What are the phylum under seedless plants?
Lycopodiophyta
Pteridophyta
Talk about Phylum Lycopodiophyta.
Club mosses (homosporous) and spike mosses (heterosporous)
Small, herbaceous, creeping stems
Spores produced in sporangia at stem tip
Talk about Phylum Pteridophyta.
Ferns
Known as monophyte
Has large, compound leaves called fronds
Largely grow at wet habitat
What are the types of seed vascular plants?
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Talk about gymnosperm.
Seeds are not enclosed within fruit (naked seed)
No flowers produced
Reproductive structure are cones
Male cones produce pollen, female produce seed
Sporophyte generation only
What are the phylum under gymnosperm?
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Talk about phylum Coniferophyta.
Ovules form on the surface of woody cones
Needlelike or scalelike leaves with thick waxy cuticle.
Resistant to drought and cold
Pines and redwood
Talk about phylum Cycadophyta.
Large cones and palmlike leaves
Grow very slow but live very long
Has symbiotic blue-green algae which can fix nitrogen from atmosphere
Talk about phylum Ginkgophyta.
Maidenhair trees
Seed produces plants with motile sperm.
High tolerance to air pollution and a popular ornament tree
Double lobed fan shaped leaves
Talk about angiosperm.
Also known as Phylum Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta
Flowering plants
Produces seeds enclosed within a fruit derived from ovary to flower (reproductive organ that insects pollinators)
Stamen (anther and filament) and carpel (stigma, style, ovary)
Undergoes double fertilization and sporophyte
What is double fertilization?
Process where two sperm cell fertilize egg and forms triploid cell that develops into endosperm (tissue).
What are the phases that angiosperm undergo?
Sexual phase = produces gametes
Male (microspore) and female (megaspore)
Growth phase = grow and produce sex organs (flowers)
What is the two classes under angiosperm?
Eudicotyledones
Monocotyledons
What are the differences between monocot and dicot?
M = embryo has one cotyledon, D = embryo has two cotyledon
M = parallel veins on leaves, D = netlike veins on leaves
M = vascular tissues scattered on stem, D = vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring
M = no main root present in fibrous root system, D = taproot is present
M = pollen grain with one opening, D = pollen grain with three openings
M = floral organs multiplies three, D = floral organs multiplies four or five
What are some adaptations of terrestrial plants?
Roots (taproot/fibrous) anchors plant in soil and to absorb nutrients and water.
Shoot supports leaves and reproductive structure, leaves is for photosynthesis.
Cuticle (waxy layer on surface) reduce water loss through evaporation.
Stomata (tiny pores on leaves) regulate gas exchange and minimize water loss
Vascular tissues provide structural support and efficient transport of water, nutrient and organic substance
Flowers, fruit and seeds (reproductive) aids in pollination, seed dispersal and protects developing embryo
Gametangia protects gametes and spores allow for dispersal.
Secondary metabolites (small organic compounds produced by plants) provides defense, attraction and signals to threat.
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
Multicellular and heterotrophic
Mostly reproduce by sexual reproduction
Lacks cell wall and a plastid
Motile
Talk about embryonic development of animals.
Zygote undergoes cell divisions called cleavage to form morula.
Morula develops into blastula through blastulation.
Blastula develops into gastrula through gastrulation.
Continues developing including to form organs through organogenesis.
Talk about animal body plans.
Embryos of jellyfish have two tissue layers called outer ectoderm and inner endoderm.
Cells rearrange themselves to form a middle tissue layer called mesoderm.
What are the invertebrate phylum under animalia?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Talk about phylum Porifera.
Sessile (not free moving) and multicellular
Lacks in tissue, organs and definite symmetrical body plan
Mostly in marine environment
Has a central/Para gastric cavity called spongocoel for nutrition
Talk about Phylum Cnidaria.
Aquatic (freshwater and marine)
Sessile
Exhibit two body forms (polyp and medusa)
Corals, jellyfish and sea anemones
Talk about the connection between polyp and medusa.
Immature medusa grows into adult medusa and its egg will become a planula.
Planula then sticks to ground and forms polyp which later has buds.
Those buds forms immature medusa and the cycle repeats.
Talk about the body parts of Cnidaria.
Tentacles have small stinging cells called nematocysts which will shoot poison spears into animals drifting by.
Also functions in passing food to mouth.
Gastrovascular cavity in stomach involves in digestion.
Mesoglea are jelly like tissue which communicates with surrounding medium through mouth.
Talk about phylum Platyhelminthes.
Parasitic flatworms
No body cavity other than gastrovascular cavity.
Move nutrient and gases through their body through diffusion
No specialized circulatory and respiratory organs.
What is a body cavity?
Known as coelom.
Fluid filled cavity space between body body wall and digestive tubes.
Forms during embryonic development from three germinal layers
Protects the internal organs and allows them to move independently in body walls
What are the three types of body cavity?
Acoelom (flatworms)
Coelom (vertebrates)
Pseudocoelom (roundworms)
What are the three classes under Platyhelminthes?
Turbellaria
Trematoda
Cestoda
Talk about Turbellaria.
Planarians live in fresh water.
Eat tiny animals and dead/damaged ones.
Reproduce asexually through transverse fission (divides half at midsection and each regenerates missing parts)
Has tubules which helps in osmoregulation
Talk about Trematoda.
Flukes are flattened oval animals.
Mostly parasitic and monoecious.
Have hooks and suckers.
Talk about Cestoda.
Long, flat, ribbon like tapeworms.
Inhabits in vertebrate’s intestinal tract as parasites.
Larva inhabits tissues of animals.
Monoecious but lacks well developed sense organs.
What is the difference between hermaphrodite and monoecious?
H = male and female reproductive parts on the same flower.
M = male and female organs on the same plant.
Talk about Phylum Nematoda.
Roundworms with pseudocoelom.
Has tubular digestive system, excretory organs, nervous system but no circulatory or respiratory organs.
Some are parasitic and predates on microorganism.
Used as a decomposer.
Sexually dimorphic and hermaphrodite.
Ascaris sp.
Talk about Ascaris sp.
Small intestinal roundworms.
Dioecious animals (separate sexes)
Male are thinner and have hooked tails and more slender.
Female are larger with straight tails.
Talk about Phylum Annelida.
Segmented worms (repeated segments on body)
Coelomate
Body covered with thin cuticle.
What are the classes under Annelida?
Polychaeta
Oligochaeta
Hirudinea
Talk about polychaeta and oligochaeta.
Both have anus and setae (tiny legs)
P = largest and dioecious, has parapodia for locomotion.
O = monoecious, does cross fertilizing
Talk about hirudenia.
Leeches attach themselves to a host and suck out blood by using suckers to secrete anticoagulants and consume blood.
Used in modern medicine to remove excess fluid and blood.
Talk about Phylum Mollusca.
Marine, but some live in fresh water and terrestrial.
Soft bodied protected by hard calcareous shell
What are the three classes under Mollusca?
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
Talk about Gastropoda.
Snail and slugs
Have shells
Has radula (row of tiny teeth to eat)
Muscular foot to move
Talk about Bivalvia.
Clams and oysters
Has two shells and sessile
No head and radula
As filter feeder
Talk about Cephalopoda.
Squids and octopus.
Distinguishable head and arms.
May have ink, beaks and unique ways to camouflage
What are the classes under Arthropoda?
Insecta
Arachnida
Myriapoda
Crustacea
What is phylum arthropoda?
Animals with jointed appendages (part that extend from body segment)
Bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate
Posses external skeleton made from chitin
Open circulatory system with hemolymph but has complex internal system
Unisexual (undergoes external or internal fertilization)
Talk about the classes of Arthropoda.
I = largest class, jointed legs, have antennae on head
A = eight legged spiders, no antennae or wings
M = segmented body, numerous legs, protects itself by curling into a ball
C = shrimps have antennae, gills for respiration, high toxin resistance
Talk about Phylum Echinodermata.
Radial symmetry with several arms
Mouth and anus are close together
Respiration through simple diffusion
Live in salt or tropical water
Has hundred of tiny little feet
What are the classes under Echinodermata.
Asteroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Talk about the classes of Echinodermata.
A = has tube feet for locomotion, feeding and respiration, flattened star shaped bodies with five arms, regenerates damaged parts.
E = lacks arms, has tube feet, sea urchins
H = sea cucumber, long and cylindrical, no arms or spines, contracts body wall to move like worms
Talk about the body plans that Phylum Chordata has
Vertebrates and invertebrates have this at a stage.
Notochord
Pharangeal slits
Nerve cord
Postanal tail
What is notochord?
Flexible, rod shape structure between digestive tube and nerve cord.
Present in all embryos
First backbone as support structure
Replaced by vertebral column (spine) in most adult vertebrate
What is nerve cord?
Dorsal and hollow
Derived from ectoderm
Later modified into brain and spinal cord
What is pharangeal slits?
Filter feed by filtering out food particles and keep them in body to be put in digestive tract.
What is postanal tail?
Extends behind the anus
Present during embryonic development in humans and apes but reduced in size and non functional (tailbone)
Provides locomotion in aquatic species
As balance, court and signals for terrestrial animals
What are the subphyla for phylum Chordata?
Vertebrates
Cephalochodata
Urochordata
Talk about vertebrates.
Has cranium around the brain
Complete alimentary canal
3 or 4 chambered heart
Well developed respiratory and excretory system
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Classes = fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
Talk about Cephalochodata.
Has atrium
Motile adult in larval stage
Tail and notochord present throughout life
Numerous well developed pharangeal slits
What is an example of Cephalochodata?
Lancelets are translucent, fish shaped animals
Use their cilia to draw water out and strain the microscopic organisms out.
Food particle trapped in mucus in pharynx and carried back to intestine.
Talk about Urochordata.
Tunicates are suspension feeders that removes plankton from stream
Body enclosed with a tunic made up of cellulose substance called tunicin
Notochord in larval stage only
Larva can move and undergoes metamorphosis.
