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Biology 1 > Cell and Organelles > Flashcards

Cell and Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell?

A

Basic living unit of organization and function in all organisms.

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2
Q

Explain about cells in unicellular organisms.

A

Made up of only one cell.
Carries out all the functions needed
Amoeba and Paramecium

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3
Q

Explain about cells in multicellular organisms.

A

Composed of more than one cell with specialized and various functions.
Plants and animals

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4
Q

How does Paramecium makes its own food?

A

Green in color.
Contains chloroplast.
Can do photosynthesis.

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5
Q

What is the tissue?

A

Group of cells of the same kind

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6
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structure composed of one or more types of tissues that works together to perform specific function.

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7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function.

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8
Q

What is an organism?

A

Individual living thing made up of one or more organ systems.

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9
Q

Arrange the levels of multi cellular organisms.

A

Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

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10
Q

When was microscope invented and further improved?

A

Invented in 1590
Observed dead cork tissue in 1665
Sufficient for study use in late 19th century

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11
Q

What is the types of microscope?

A

Light microscope
Electron microscope

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12
Q

How does light microscope work?

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses which refracts the light to magnify the image as it is projected.

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13
Q

What are the three important characteristics of microscope?

A

Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

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14
Q

What is magnification?

A

Ratio of an object’s image size to its real size.

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15
Q

What is resolution?

A

The measure of the clarity of the image
The minimum distance of two distinguishable point.

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16
Q

What is contrast?

A

Visible differences in brightness between light and dark areas of an image.

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17
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

A beam of electrons is focused through the specimen or onto its surface.
The lenses are made from electromagnet.

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18
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope

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19
Q

How to use SEM?

A

Specimen is coated with thin film of gold.
A beam of electron focused on the specimen’s surface that provides 3D images
Used to study specimen topography

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20
Q

How to use TEM?

A

Specimen is stained with atoms of heavy metals such as lead.
A beam of electrons is focused through the specimen
Used to study internal structure of cells.

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21
Q

What is the advantage of light microscope over electron microscope?

A

Cheaper
Easy to operate and maintain it
Portable
Only uses visible light
Can observe live specimen

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22
Q

Talk about prokaryotic cell.

A

Nucleus is absent
DNA in an unbounded region called nucleoid
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm bounded by plasma membrane
Smaller in size
Bacterias

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23
Q

Talk about eukaryotic cell.

A

Nucleus is present
DNA in nucleus bounded by double membrane
Have membrane bounded organelles
Cytoplasm is between plasma membrane and nucleus
Protists, fungi, animal and plant cells

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24
Q

What are the features common in both cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance in cytoplasm called cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

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25
Q

What are the structures on a prokaryotic cell?

A

Fimbriae
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx
Flagella

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26
Q

WTF is fimbriae?

A

Attachment structures on the surface.

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27
Q

WTF is nucleoid?

A

Region where the DNA is located

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28
Q

WTF is a ribosome?

A

Complexes that synthesize proteins.

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29
Q

WTF is plasma membrane?

A

Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

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30
Q

What is cell wall?

A

Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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31
Q

WTF is glycocalyx?

A

Outer coating that consist of capsule or a slime layer

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32
Q

WTF is flagella?

A

Locomotion organelles.

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33
Q

Bacteria can be classified into?

A

Gram positive and Gram negative

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34
Q

What can you talk about Gram positive bacterias?

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer
No outer lipid membrane

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35
Q

What can you talk about gram negative bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Have outer lipid membrane

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36
Q

Gram positive bacteria will be stained in what color?

A

Purple

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37
Q

Gram negative bacteria will be stained in what color?

A

Red

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38
Q

What is the process of Gram staining technique?

A

Purple dye.
Alcohol to rinse off unabsorbed purple dye.
If there’s purple dye then it’s positive.
Safranin dye gives red color.
If it’s red then it’s negative.

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39
Q

What does an internal membrane in eukaryotic cell do?

A

Divide the cell into compartments known as the organelles.

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40
Q

What does the organelle do?

A

Provide different local environments that support specific metabolic function.
Different processes occur simultaneously.

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41
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the biggest organelle and easily seen.

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42
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Encloses the nucleus and separating it from the cytoplasm

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43
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of what?

A

Inner and outer membrane
Each consisting of a lipid bilayer

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44
Q

The double membranes are perforated by?

A

Pores with each of them lined by pore complex, a protein

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45
Q

What does pore complex do?

A

Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

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46
Q

What surrounds nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear lamina, protein
Maintains nucleus shape

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47
Q

How is DNA organized in nucleus?

A

Discrete units called chromosomes.

48
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.

49
Q

How is chromosomes formed?

A

Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes as cell is ready to divide.

50
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal synthesis, rRNA

51
Q

How does ribosomes formed?

A

Proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with RNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes.
Subunits exit the nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to be assembled as ribosome.

52
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

Complexes made of rRNA and protein.
Large subunit and small subunit joined together

53
Q

What does ribosome do?

A

Protein synthesis.

54
Q

What are the types of ribosome?

A

Free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol
Bound ribosomes attached to outside of ER or the nuclear envelope

55
Q

What does the endomembrane system do?

A

Protein synthesis
Transport of protein into membranes and organelles
Transport proteins out the cell
Metabolism and movement of lipids
Poison detoxification

56
Q

What are the two distinct regions of ER?

A

Smooth lacks ribosome
Rough studded with ribosome

57
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Synthesize lipids
Metabolize carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Store calcium ions

58
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Ribosomes secrete secretory proteins such as glycoproteins
Release them by transport vesicles from transitional ER
Membrane factory of the cell

59
Q

Describe the synthesis of protein by ER.

A

Protein synthesized from ribosome migrates into rough ER tunnel system
Protein folds into functional shape
Short sugar chains attaches forming glycoprotein
Packaged into tiny membranous sac called transport vesicle
Buds from rough ER travels to GA for further processing

60
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Consists of a stack of flattened membranous sac called cisternae that are not physically connected

61
Q

Each stack has how many areas?

A

cis face - entry
trans face - exit

62
Q

What is the function of GA?

A

Modifies products in ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules such as polysaccharides
Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles

63
Q

What are the type of packages?

A

Secretory vesicles
In house proteins and lipids
Lysosomes

64
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

65
Q

In what environment does the lysosomal enzymes work best?

A

pH 5 - acidic

66
Q

How is lysosome formed?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and transferred to GA for further processing

67
Q

What does lysosome do?

A

Carry out intracellular digestion through phagocytosis and autophagy.

68
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles which then formed food vacuole.
This fuses with lysosome and its enzyme digests the food.

69
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Process of lysosome using their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material.
Damaged organelles or small amount of cytosol

70
Q

What is vacuole?

A

Large vesicles derived from the ER and GA

71
Q

What is the function of vacuole in plant cell?

A

Carry out enzymatic hydrolysis
Reservoir for important organic compound
Store of poisonous or unpalatable compounds for protection against herbivores
Contains pigments to attract insects on flowers

72
Q

What is the function of vacuole in animal cell?

A

Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cell to maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules

73
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP/

74
Q

What is the double membrane of a mitochondria is made up from?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

75
Q

The double membrane consists of?

A

Smooth outer membrane
Inner membrane folded into cristae

76
Q

The folded surface in mitochondria gives what?

A

Larger surface area

77
Q

What are the compartments in the inner membrane?

A

Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix

77
Q

What is the intermembrane space?

A

Narrow region between inner and outer membranes

77
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

78
Q

Describe chloroplast.

A

Functions in photosynthetic
Contains green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes and other molecules
Found in leaves and green organs

79
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

Membranous, flattened and interconnected sacs stacked to form granum

80
Q

What is a stroma?

A

Internal fluid that contains chloroplast DNA, enzymes and ribosome

81
Q

What is the benefit of chloroplast?

A

Convert light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis

82
Q

What is the interaction of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP

83
Q

What is peroxisomes?

A

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

84
Q

What does peroxisomes do?

A

Contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

85
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Breakdown fatty acids into smaller molecules for cellular respiration
Detoxify harmful compounds in liver

86
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

87
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Mechanical support
Maintains shape
Anchorage for organelles
Cell motility

88
Q

Cytoskeleton is composed of what?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

89
Q

What is microtubules made of?

A

Hollow tubes of alpha and beta tubulins

90
Q

What is microtubules functions?

A

Maintains shape
Cell motility
Chromosome movement
Organelle movement

91
Q

What is microfilaments made of?

A

Two intertwined strands of actin

92
Q

What is microfilaments functions?

A

Maintains shape
Changes in cell shape
Muscle contraction
Cell motility
Cell division

93
Q

What is intermediate filaments made of?

A

Fibrous keratin coiled into cables

94
Q

What is intermediate filaments functions?

A

Maintains shape
Anchorage of organelles
Formation of nuclear lamina

95
Q

Microtubules grow out from what?

A

Centrosome

96
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Region located near the nucleus
Contains a pair of centrioles

97
Q

Each of centrioles are made from what?

A

Nine sets of three microtubules right angled to each other

98
Q

What is cilia and flagella?

A

Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells
Works as locomotor appendages

99
Q

Talk about cilia.

A

Large number on cell surface
Short
Back and forth motion (fast power and slow recovery stroke)
At trachea

100
Q

Talk about flagella.

A

One or few per cell
Long
Snakelike motion
On sperm

101
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella?

A

On the extension of plasma membrane
Dynein, a motor protein that drives bending movement
9 + 2 pattern = nine doublets arranged like ring with two single microtubules in center
Anchored in cell by basal body with microtubules triplet = 9+0 pattern

102
Q

What are the functions of cell wall?

A

Protects the plant cell
Maintains shape
Prevent excessive uptake of water

103
Q

What are the layers of cell wall?

A

Primary - thin and flexible
Middle lamella - rich in pectin
Secondary - strong and durable matrix in mature plants

104
Q

What is cell junctions?

A

Direct physical contact for neighboring cells in tissues, organs, organ systems to adhere, interact and communicate

105
Q

What is the cell junction for plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

106
Q

What is the cell junction for animal cells?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

107
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

Channels that perforate plant cell walls
Water and small solutes pass from cell to cell continuously

108
Q

What is tight junctions?

A

Membranes of neighboring cells pressed together and bound by specific proteins
Prevents leakage of EC fluid

109
Q

What is desmosomes?

A

Intermediate filaments anchors it in cytoplasm
Fasten cells together into strong sheets

110
Q

What is gap junctions?

A

Consists of membrane proteins that surrounds a pore that ions and small molecules pass through
As cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

111
Q

What is cell fractioning?

A

Preparation of specific cells components in bulk and identify their functions by taking cells apart and separating major organelles from one another.

112
Q

Who does cell fractioning?

A

Centrifuges

113
Q

How does centrifuges work?

A

Spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at differential centrifugation
Each speed forms new pellets at the bottom

114
Q

What are the components in different speeds?

A

Lower speed - large components
Higher speed - smaller components

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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