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Biology 1 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Talk about nucleosome.

A

Each nucleosome contains a set of 8 histone molecules, forming a protein core that the double stranded DNA winds.

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2
Q

What happens when histones have been removed?

A

Scaffolding proteins support and compact the chromosome.

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3
Q

What is the process of chromosome formation?

A

DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosome.
Nucleosomes are compacted into chromatin fibers which are coiled into looped domains
Compacted again forming chromosomes

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4
Q

Chromatin vs chromatid

A

Tin - thread like structure
Tid - two identical threads

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5
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

Two identical copies of a single chromosome connected by a centromere

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6
Q

What is condensin?

A

Protein that assist in chromosome compaction.

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7
Q

How does condensin help?

A

binds to DNA and wraps it into coiled loops that is compacted into a chromosome.

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8
Q

What is the phase that cells stop dividing?

A

G0 phase

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9
Q

What are some examples of cells that do not divide when they’re mature?

A

Neurons
Skeletal muscles
Red blood cells

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10
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

Stages which a cell passes from one cell division to the next cell division

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11
Q

What is in cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

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12
Q

What are the chemicals that control cell cycle?

A

Cyclin
CDK (cyclin dependent protein kinase)

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13
Q

What does cyclin-CDK complex do?

A

Activate enzymes and structural components in mitosis

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14
Q

Talk about G1 phase.

A

Longest phase
If cells stay here forever, it is G0 phase.
At the end, enzymes required for DNA replication will be activated and proteins are also synthesized
Cell becomes bigger

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15
Q

Which one breaks down after completing their job, cyclin or CDK?

A

Cyclin

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16
Q

Talk about S phase.

A

DNA replication occurs.
Histone proteins are synthesized.

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17
Q

Talk about G2 phase.

A

Protein synthesis increases.
Checked whether DNA replication is successful or not
If not, mutated cells with DNA.

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18
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Nuclear division that produces two nuclei containing chromosomes which are genetically identical.

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19
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm.

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20
Q

Mitosis consist of what?

A

Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase

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21
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Long fibers of chromatin condense as compact chromosomes with each containing two chromatids attached to their centromere.
Cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope disassembled.
Spindle microtubules formed between centrioles that is moving to the poles

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22
Q

Talk about prometaphase.

A

Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes causing them to move toward cell’s midplane.
Centrioles are at each poles.

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23
Q

Talk about metaphase.

A

Chromosomes line up along cell’s midplane.
Spindle microtubules attach each chromosome to both poles

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24
Q

Talk about anaphase.

A

Sister chromatids separate at their centromeres as kinetochore moves to pole and brings chromosome.
One group of chromosomes move to each pole.
Spindle poles move farther apart.

25
Q

Talk about telophase.

A

Chromosomes are grouped at poles.
Chromosome decondense and becomes chromatin.
Nuclear envelope reforms.
Cytokinesis will produce two daughter cells.

26
Q

What is cohesin?

A

Protein that holds two sister chromatids and makes sure that they’re separated during anaphase.

27
Q

Cohesin is broken down by what?

A

Separase.

28
Q

What are the two types of microtubules?

A

Minus end near the poles
Plus end at the midplane of the cell

29
Q

What does the two types of microtubules form?

A

Spindle microtubules.

30
Q

Where does the microtubules originate from?

A

Microtubules Organizing Center.

31
Q

What is the MOC made of?

A

Pericentriolar material

32
Q

What are the three types of spindle microtubules?

A

Astral - short at poles
Polar/Non kinetochore - stabilize spindle fiber
Kinetochore - chromosome spindle fiber

33
Q

Talk about cytokinesis in animal cell.

A

Actomyosin (actin + myosin filaments) contractile ring formed and attached to plasma membrane
ACR encircle the cell at right angle to the spindle.
Myosin filaments contracts causes actin to constrict and divide the cells into two daughter cells by forming a cleavage furrow.

34
Q

Talk about cytokinesis in plant cell.

A

Cell plate made from cellulose formed in center of cell and it grows towards cell wall.
Vesicle formed by GA gather in center where small ones fuse together forming large one.
One large vesicle formed and components of cell wall deposited to form another cell wall.
Transverse cell wall synthesized between two cells.

35
Q

How does prokaryotes reporduce?

A

Binary fission

36
Q

Talk about binary fission.

A

Circular DNA replicates at the Origin of Replication site.
Replication enzyme work in both directions from OR until they meet to produce daughter chromosome.
Replication completed and daughter chromosome separate
Cytokinesis to form two daughter cells controlled by Z ring.
Cell divides, plasma membrane grows inward, new cell wall formed.

37
Q

What is Z ring?

A

Ring of protein that circles the center of cell during cytokinesis.

38
Q

What are the cell cycle check points?

A

G1 - S
G2 - M
Metaphase - Anaphase

39
Q

What usually happens to the checkpoints?

A

Inactivated after doing their jobs so that cell can proceed to the next stage.

40
Q

What forms cyclin and CDK?

A

Gene from DNA

41
Q

Talk about G1 - S checkpoint.

A

Ensure that cell has the necessary growth factors, nutrients, enzymes to synthesize DNA.
Without proper signals that cell is ready, DNA synthesis won’t begin. (restriction point)

42
Q

Talk about G2 - M checkpoint.

A

Ensure that DNA replication is finished before cell begins mitosis.
No mitosis if got damaged or unreplicated DNA or insufficient cell size.

43
Q

Talk about metaphase-anaphase checkpoint.

A

Prevents anaphase from occurring until all kinetochore are properly attached to spindle fibers along the cell’s midplane.

44
Q

What is an example of inactivated proteins when they’re phosphorylated by cyclin-CDK?

A

protein p27 - major inhibitor of cell division

45
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis.

A

Body cell divides to create identical copies.
New cells have half the genetic material of parent cell.
Forms two identical daughter with same number of chromosomes as parents.
Forms four unique daughter cells each with half number of chromosomes as parents.
Growth and repair.
Egg and sperm cells.

46
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable growth of cells resulted by failure in cell cycle control.

47
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Guardian Angel gene, p53
Plays important role in G1 checkpoint

48
Q

What does p53 do?

A

Checks whether DNA is successfully replicated and is undamaged.

49
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged?

A

p53 pause cell division and stimulate special enzyme to repair it.
Allows cell division once it is repaired.

50
Q

Why is p53 tumor suppressor gene?

A

pauses damaged cell division.

51
Q

What happens if DNA can’t be repaired?

A

p53 directs the cell to kill itself (apoptosis) to prevent mutated cells develop.

52
Q

How does cancer cell doesn’t stop dividing?

A

manufacture their own growth factors
Have abnormality in signaling pathways
Abnormal cell cycle controlling system
considered immortal if they have continuous supply of nutrients
they stop dividing at random points only

53
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of abnormal cells.

54
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Abnormal cells remain at originating site.

55
Q

What is malignant tumor?

A

Cells become invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs.

56
Q

What are the abnormality of cells of malignant tumor?

A

Excessive cell division
Unusual chromosome number
Metabolic abnormality
Carried by blood or lymph system to start more tumors during metastasis
Secrete signal molecules that cause blood vessels to grow towards tumor

57
Q

What is the treatment for metastasizing cancers?

A

High energy radiation
Chemotherapy

58
Q

Driver genes that cause cancer?

A

Protooncogene mutated become oncogene (cancer accelerator)
Mutated tumor suppressor gene

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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