Diversity of Life Flashcards
What are the two criteria to determine if something is living vs. nonliving?
- independent metabolism - viruses don’t have this and it’s why they’re considered non-living
- ability to self replicate
How is an organism named?
genus and species
What are the taxonomic levels?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
*Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
What are the three domains and their cell types?
Domain
Archaea —> prokaryotic
Eubacteria —> prokaryotic
Eukarya —> eukaryotic
Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
- long chromosomes
- linear DNA with histones in nucleus
- organelles
- flagella and cilia 9+2 arrangement
Prokaryotes
- short chromosomes
- circular DNA with no histones or nucleus (*exception: archaea have histones)
- no organelles
- flagella and cilia contain flagellin protein and no 9+2 arrangment
True or False: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have introns
False, only eukaryotes do
Flagellin is found in
Prokaryotes
How does the flagella spin and give locomotion?
proton motive force (electrical not ATP)
Tubulin is found in
Eukaryotes
Make their own food
autotrophs
Make their own food from light
photoautotroph
Make their own food from chemicals
chemoautotroph
Do not make their own food
heterotrophs
Obtain energy from living tissues of hosts
parasites
Obtain energy and feed from dead, decaying matter which contribute to organic decay
Saprophytes/Saprobes
Break down dead and decaying matter
Decomposers
Under what conditions do facultative anaerobes prefer?
O2 because it is more efficient and produces more ATP
What are methanogens?
Archaea
obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 (methane) as a by-product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2
What are extremophiles?
Archaea that live in extreme environments.
Halophiles (salt lover) - live in high salt concentration
Thermophiles (heat lover) - live in hot temperatures
Other extremophiles live in high acid/base/pressure environments
What domain has ribosome activity which is inhibited by antibiotics like streptomycin and chloramphenicol
Bacteria
What are the 5 ways to classify bacteria?
- How they metabolize food
- Ability to produce endospores (tough bodies that contain DNA and cytosol surrounded by tough wall)
- How it moves
- Flagella
- Corkscrew motion
- Gliding through slime - Shape
- Cocci - spherical
- Bacilli - Rod shaped
- Spirilla - sprials - Gram positive vs. Gram negative
- Gram positive - thick peptidoglycan walls - purple
- Gram negative - Thin peptidoglycan walls - pink
What is teichoic acid?
- only found on gram-positive bacteria
- used as recognition and binding sites by viruses that cause infection
- provide cell wall rigidity
What are cyanobacteria?
Bacteria
Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis (ex. Blue-green algae)
What are chemosynthetic bacteria?
Bacteria
Autotrophs, such as nitrifying bacteria which can convert ammonia to nitrate
What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Bacteria
Heterotrophs, such as bacteria which can convert nitrate to ammonia
What are spirochetes?
Bacteria
coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion
These protists obtain energy by photosynthesis, are categorized by the form of carbohydrate used to store energy, number of flagella and makeup of cell wall.
Algaelike (plant-like)
What are euglenoids?
Protist - Algaelike (plant-like)
- Green, unicellular algae
- no cell wall, protein pellicles that wrap over cell membrane
- found in fresh water
What are dinoflagellates?
- most likely to show on DAT
Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)
- contain 2 flagella
- can be bioluiminescent
- produce nerve toxin in shellfish, can be harmful to humans and is detrimental to an ecosystem
- responsible for red tide
What are diatoms?
Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)
- have shells that fit together like box with a lid
- contain SiO2 (silica)
What are brown algae?
Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)
- muticellular and flagellated sperm cells
- look like giant seaweed
What are rhodophyta?
Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)
- red algae with pigments called phycobilins
- multicellular and their gametes do not have flagella
What are chlorophyta?
Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)
- green algae
- cellulose in cell walls and store energy in form of starch
- isogamous (sperm and egg equal in size and motile), ansiogamous (sperm and egg differ in size), oogamous (large egg cell remains with parent and fertilized by small, motile sperm)
These unicellular protists are heterotrophs and consume living cells or dead organic matter
Animal-like Protozoa
What are rhizopoda?
Animal-like Protozoa
- amoebas which move by pseudopodia
- feed via phagocytosis
What are foraminifera?
Animal-like Protozoa
- have calcium carbonate shells
- sediments indicate oil deposits
What are apicomplexans?
Animal-like Protozoa
- parasites
- complex of organelles at end of cell
- form spores dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle
What are ciliates?
Animal-like Protozoa
- cilia for moving
- most complex (Ex. paramecium)
What are amoebas?
Animal-like Protozoa
- shapeless
- move via pseudopods
These protists resemble fungi and form filaments/spore-beating bodies similar to fungi
Fungus-Like Protists
What are cellular slime molds?
Fungs-Like Protists
- spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria
- when no food available, they become a slug and mobilize into a stalk with a capsule at the top to release spores
What are plasmodial slime molds?
Fungus-Like Protists
- grow as a single, spreading mass (plasmodium) that feed on decaying vegetation
- when no food available they mobilize into a stalk with a capsule at the top to release spores
What are oomycota?
Fungus-Like Protists
- water molds, mildews, and white rusts
- parasites or saprobes
- cell walls contain cellulose, not chitin
- hyphae secrete enzymes which digest surrounding substances
These organisms grow as filaments called hyphae and contain cell walls of chitin.
Fungi
What are the stages of fungi sexual reproduction?
- Plasmogamy - fusing of cytoplasm of cells from two different fungal strains without fusing nuclei becoming a dikaryon
- Karyogamy - fusing of two haploid nuclei from dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus
- Meiosis - daughter cells develop into haploid spores which germinate into haploid hyphae
What are the methods of fungi asexual reproduction?
- sporangiospores - spores produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are each borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore
- conidia - a spore formed at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores
What are zygomycota?
Fungi
- reproduce sexually and asexually via sporangia
- bread molds
What are glomeromycota?
Fungi
- form mutualistic relationships with plant roots called mycorrhiza
What are ascomycota?
Fungi
- reproduce sexually by producing acospores
What are basidiomycota?
Fungi
- reproduce sexually by producing basidiospores
- can reproduce asexually
- look like mushrooms from alice in wonderland
What are dueteromycota?
Fungi
- imperfect fungi because they have no known sexual reproductive cycle
- ex. penicillum which produces penicillin
What are lichens?
Fungi
- symbiotic association with fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
- can produce toxic chemicals to protect against grazers
What are rhizopus?
Fungi
- fungal pathogen involved in food spoilage
What is candida?
Fungi
- involved in infections of mucous membranes
What are saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Fungi
- yeast involved in fermenting sugars to alcohol
How are plants adapted for survival on land?
- Diploid - two copies of DNA that protects plants against genetic damage
- Cuticle - waxy covering that reduces desiccation (drying up/ water loss)
- Vascular system - reduces plants dependency on water (i.e., don’t need to be close to water to survive)
- Sperm dispersal - sperm packaged as pollen and dispersed with wind
- Anthrophyta - flowering plants have gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary
- Seasonal variations - seasonal variations exist in response to availability of water and light
What are bryophytes?
Plantae - seedless
- mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- contain rhizoids instead of roots
- must remain near water because they lack true roots, leaves, and stems (lack vascular tissues)
What are lycophytes?
Plantae - seedless
- club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
- “resurrection plant” can recover from dead-like appearance after being watered
What are pterophytes?
Plantae - seedless
- ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
What are microsporangiums? What are megasporangiums?
male spores - micro
female spores - mega
What are coniferophyta?
Plantae - seeded
- gymnosperms, naked seeds
- cone bearing
- pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, cedars
What are anthophyta?
Plantae - seeded
-angiosperms
- flowering
-fruit, maple, oaks, grass, etc
What are the major parts of the flower?
- Pistil (female)
1. ovary
2. style
3. stigma - Stamen (male)
1. anther
2. stalk
3. filament - Petals (sepals)
Describe the plant divisions
What characteristics do all species of the Anamalia kingdom share?
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- dominant diploid generation
- motile at some part of their life cycle
- 2-3 layers of tissues form during embryonic development
organisms have a top and bottom but no distinct left and right sides; circular body patterns
Radial symmetry
When divided by a sagittal plane, the left and right sides of an organism are mirror images
Bilateral symmetry
Organisms with two embryonic cell layers
diploblastic
organisms with three embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
triploblastic
Lack a coelom
acoelomates
coelom is derived from mesoderm, and is fluid-filled cavity that cushions the internal organs
Have a cavity, but it is not completely lined by mesoderm-derived tissue
Pseudocoelomates
coelom is derived from mesoderm, and is fluid-filled cavity that cushions the internal organs
organisms that develop mouth first
protosomes
organisms that develop anus first
deuterostomes
What are porifera?
Animalia
-sponges
-parazoans
-filter feeding
Do not have organized true tissues, and thus organs do not develop
Parazoans
What are cnidaria?
Animalia
-jellyfish, hydrozoans, sea anemones, and corals
- contain nematocysts (stingers)
-carnivores
What are platyhelminthes?
Animalia
-flatworms (planarians, flukes, tapeworms)
-acoelomate
What are nematoda?
Animalia
- roundworms
- psudeocoelomate
- free-living soil dwellers that help decompose and recycle nutrients
- C. elegans
- Trichnella spiralis can cause trichinosis when humans ingest improperly cooked meats
What are rotifera?
Animalia
-pseudocoelom
- filter feeders
- capable of parthenogenesis
What is parthenogenesis?
The spontaneous activation of an unfertilized mature egg followed by normal divisions and subsequent embryonic development
What are mollusca?
Animalia
- snails, octopus, squids, bivalves (clams, mussels)
-coelom - exoskeleton composed of CaCO3
THREE CLASSES
Gastropoda - slugs and snails, single shell
Cephalopoda - octopus and squid, high o2 demand, giant nerve fibers, and closed circulatory system
Bivalvia - clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
What are annelida?
Animalia
- segmented worms
- leeches, earthworms, polychaete worms
What are athropoda?
Animalia
-spiders, insects, crustaceans
-jointed appendages
-chitin exoskeletons
-nymph (small version of adult) or larvae (cocoons) life cycle
THREE CLASSES:
Insecta - three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, spiracles for breathing
*MOST SPECIES
Arachnida - four pairs of legs, “book lungs”, no antennae (ex spiders and scorpions)
Crustacea - segmented bodies, gills, variable number of appendages, crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, and barnacles, two pairs of antennae
What are echinodermata?
Animalia
- sea stars, urchins, and sand dollars
- coelomate
- deuterosomes
- radial symmetry (but bilateral in youth)
What are chordata? What are the four features of a chordate?
Animalia
- Organisms with spinal cords
Four Features
1. notochord - functions as support during development and replaced by bone later
- dorsal hollow nerve cord - forms nervous system and becomes brain and spinal cord
- pharyngeal gill slits - provide channels across the pharynx to the outside body, become gills in fish and eustachian tubes (ears) in other mammals
- muscular tail - lost during embryonic development in humans and other mammals
TWO TYPES
Vertebrates - with a backbone or bony skeleton
Invertebrates - without a backbone or bony skeleton
What is the most recent to oldest time period?
Clean My Pale Pee
(newest) Cenozoic > Mesozoic > Paleozoic > Precambrian (oldest)
What era did dinosaurs appear?
Mesozoic
What is the evolution order of mammals?
James Bond: A Real Barbaric Man
Jawless fish, Bony fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
What colour does gram positive bacteria stain?
purple
What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?
pink
True or False: Blue-Green algae is a form of eukaryotic algae.
False, blue-green algae is cyanobacteria, which is a type of bacteria
What does the prefix -strepto mean?
multiples in a chain
What does the prefix -staphyl mean?
cluster of cells
What are the three types if genetic recombination in bacteria?
- Conjugation
- Transformation
- Translation
What is transduction in bacteria?
- involves viruses
- transfer of bacterial DNA via viruses
What encloses genetic information in a virus?
protein cover called capsid made of capsomeres
What is the lytic cycle?
- virus injects material in cell and hijacks cell machinery
- new virus erupts from host cell membrane and kills cell in process
This type of ground tissue has thick but flexible cell walls and serves for mechanical support.
Collenchyma
What is conjugation in bacteria?
horizontal gene transfer via a pilus
*pilus attaches and will transfer plasmid to bacteria without a plasmid
What is transformation in bacteria?
heat or CaCl2 causes bacteria to uptake plasmids from environment
What is the lysogenic cycle?
- virus hides in host genome, viral DNA is incorporated in host DNA
- prophage in bacteria or provirus when dormant
- when dormant virus receives environmental signal, undergoes lytic cycle and kills cell
What do the suffixes -mycota and -mycete mean?
fungi
This type of ground tissue has the thickest cell walls and provides mechanical support. This ground tissue also produces lignin, a strengthening polymer.
Sclerenchyma
What is a retrovirus?
RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA
Mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae
lichen
algae = photosynthesis
fungi = protects algae
This type of tissue includes epidermis cells that cover the outside of plant parts. Guard cells are a type of epidermal cells that surround stomata, hair cells, stinging cells, and glandular cells. This tissue will secrete a waxy substance forming the cuticle
Dermal tissue
Specialized hyphae used to penetrate cell walls of organisms (parasitic)
haustoria
A form of asexual reproduction in plants leading to genetically identical offspring
vegetative propagation
Mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of plants
mychorriza
The most diverse type of plant
angiosperms
What is the evolution order of plants from oldest to youngest
bryophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms
What does a monocot look like?
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Differentiate between monocots and dicots
What does a dicot look like?
These tissues provide structural support to the plant and thus make up most of the plant’s mess, there are three types of these tissues.
Ground Tissue
1. parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
The most common ground tissue which has thin walls and function is for storage, photosynthesis and secretion. An example would be mesophyll cells in leaves.
Parenchyma
What is abscisic acid?
plant hormone that slows cell growth.
What is thigmotropism?
a plant’s response to touch
An action that intensifies a condition so that it is driven further beyond its natural limits. Example, labour, lactation, orgasm.
Positive feedback
This tissue consists of the xylem and phloem
Vascular tissue
What is the xylem?
- conducts water and minerals upwards
- two xylem cells:
1. tracheids: long and tapered, pass water from one another via pits
2. vessel elements: short, wide, with no taper, pass water through perforations (more efficient water movement)
What is the phloem?
- conducts sugars downward
- sieve tubes pass sugars and where two sieve tubes meet is a sieve plate
What are the parts of a seed?
- epicotyl: becomes shoot tip
- plumule: young leaves
- hypocotyl: base of shoot
- radicles: become roots
- coleoptiles: surrounds and protects epicotyl in monocots
What are the four parts of root growth?
- Root cap - root tip which protects the apical meristem, secretes polysaccharides that moisten the soil and permit root growth
- Zone of cell division - forms from dividing cells of apical meristem
- Zone of elongation - cells from zone of cell division absorb water and elongate (this is our perception of growth)
- Zone of maturation - cells differentiate and mature into xylem, phloem, parenchyma, or epidermal cells
What is cork cambium?
Narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody roots or stem and the central vascular tissue (lateral meristem forms the periderm)
Is bark on the outside and each secondary growth cycle contains a new ring
What are guard cells?
cells that open and close the stomata
How does water move through roots?
Apoplastic pathway - water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces, without ever entering cells
Symplastic pathway - water moves from the cytoplasm of one cell to another via plasmodesmata
What is capillary action?
Capillary action occurs when a liquid rises in a thin tube because the adhesive forces between the tube and the liquid are stronger than the cohesive forces between liquid’s molecules.
How do fish respire?
- gills
- countercurrent exchange; opposing movements of water and blood maximizes diffusion
What is the cohesion-tension theory?
- transpiration - water evaporates from leaves causing a negative pressure (tension) to develop
- cohesion - attraction between water molecules allows water to move in a single column from roots to leaves
- bulk flow - sun causes water loss in leaf and an entire column of water molecules will follow
When are stomata open?
They close at night and open during the day because CO2 is low during daylight since it is used for photosynthesis. At night, there are high levels of CO2 because of respiration.
What is an auxin?
plant hormone that promotes plant growth by increase proton concentration in cell walls
What are gibberellins?
plant hormone that promotes plant growth via flower and stem elongation
What are cytokinins?
plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds
What is ethylene?
plant hormone - promotes fruit ripening; plant metabolic activity (producing flowers to incr. fertilization)
Lines the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
What is phototropism?
A plant’s response to light
What is gravitropism/geotropism?
the response of a plant to gravity
Voice box
larynx
What is photoperiodism?
A plant’s response to seasonal changes in length of night and day
