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DAT > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Separation of an organism into two new cells (amoeba) [asexual reproduction]

A

Fission

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2
Q

Occurs when a new individual grows from an existing one and then splits off (hydra) [asexual reproduction]

A

Budding

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3
Q

When a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals (sponge/planaria/starfish) [asexual reproduction]

A

Fragmentation / Regeneration

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4
Q

Egg develops without fertilization, resulting in an adult that is either haploid or diploid (honeybees, wasps, ants, lizards, hammerhead sharks) [asexual reproduction]

A

parthenogenesis

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5
Q

Results in the secondary sex characteristics in men, but also closes the epiphyses of long bones

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Sperm is stored here

A

epididymis

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7
Q

Describe oogenesis

A

Oogenesis
- begins before birth
- oogonia under mitosis –> primary oocytes being meiosis but remain in prophase I until puberty –> one primary oocyte is selected and stimulated by FSH to continue meiosis I during ~28 day menstrual cycle –> follicle develops around oocyte for protection and nourishment –> completes meiosis I and becomes secondary oocyte and polar body –> secondary oocyte remains arrested in metaphase II until ovulation, polar body disintegrates

oogonia –> mitosis –> primary oocyte –> arrest in prophase I –> puberty –> meiosis I –> secondary oocyte and polar body –> arrest in metaphase II –> ovulation –> fertilization or non-fertilization

Ovulation
- secondary oocyte released from follicle via LH surge
- if fertilized, completes meiosis II and polar body disintegrates

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8
Q

How does female and male contraception work?

A

FEMALE
estradiol and/or progesterone are spiked high –> negative feedback –> suppress LH/FSH surge –> no ovulation –> fertilization impossible

MALE
interfere with LH and FSH to decrease sperm production

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9
Q

complete cleavage

A

holoblastic

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10
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovary (2 ) - eggs produced here

Oviduct/ Fallopian Tube/ Uterine Tube (2) - fertilization occurs here, not a direct connection to ovary; fimbrae sweep egg into oviduct

Uterus - embryo development occurs here

Vagina - fetus passes through the cervix

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11
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Testis
- seminiferous tubules: sperm production
- Leydig cells: testosterone, androgens
- Sertoli cells: stimulated by FSH to surround and nurture sperm
- scrotum: location of testis

Epididymis: Final maturation and storage of sperm

Vas deferens: transfers sperm epididymis –> urethra

Seminal Vesicles: two glands that secrete during ejaculation
- mucus (liquid) for sperm
- fructose (energy) for sperm
- prostaglandins (stimulate uterine contractions to move sperm in)

Prostate gland: neutralizes urethra with milky alkaline fluid, will also neutralize vagina acidity

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland: secrete small amount of mucus of unknown function into urethra

Penis: transports semen into vagina

Sperm: male DNA
- Sperm head: contains acrosome at tip with hyaluronidase enzyme to penetrate the egg
- Mid piece: flagellum (9+2 arrangement) with lots of mitochondria
- Tail: remainder of flagellum, sperm propelled like a whip-like motion

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12
Q

Sperm is produced here

A

testes (seminiferous tubules)

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13
Q

a genome with extra or missing chromosomes, often caused by nondisjunction

A

aneuploidy

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14
Q

What is the path of sperm?

A

SEVEN UP

Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
(nothing)
Urethra
Penis

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15
Q

Chromosome segments are repeated on the same chromosome, which can occur from unequal crossing over

A

duplication

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16
Q

Describe the follicle in female oogenesis

A
  • FSH stimulates growth of granulosa cells around primary oocyte which form the zona pellucida (jelly like structure around egg)
  • Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue and grow around primary follicle to form secondary follicle
  • Upon stimulation from LH, theca cells secrete androgen –> estradiol which inhibits LH secretion just before ovulation
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17
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonium
    spermatogonium –> mitosis –> primary spermatocytes –> meiosis I –> two secondary spermatocytes –> meiosis II –> four spermatids
  2. Sertoli cells - found in seminiferous tubules and nourish sperm
  3. Semen - spermatozoa + fluids
  4. Capacitation
    - final stage where sperm mature and prepare for egg penetration
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18
Q

Is spermatogenesis continuous? Is oogenesis continuous?

A

Spermatogenesis - yes
Oogensis - no

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19
Q

Explain the female reproductive cycle (ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle)

A

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
1. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary initiate
low estrogen + progesterone –> hypothalamus –> GnRH –> anterior pituitary –> FSH, LH

  1. Follicle develops
    FSH –> follicle –> estrogen –> hypothalamus –> GnRH –> anterior pituitary –> FSH, LH –> LH surge
  2. LH surge
    LH surge –> ovulation –> follicle –> corpus luteum –> decrease in LH and estrogen decrease –> estrogen and progesterone –> development of endometrium

“No fertilization”
4. Development of endometrium
thickens in preparation for implantation –> no implantation –> negative feedback on anterior pituitary –> estrogen and progesterone terminate production of FSH and LH due to low GnRH

  1. Corpus luteum disintegrates because LH is low and becomes shed during menstruation

“Fertilization”
4. Development of endometrium
thickens in preparation for implantation –> implantation –> estrogen and progesterone remain high –> HCG replaces progesterone

OVARIAN CYCLE
1. Follicular phase
- development of egg and secretion of estrogen from follicle
2. Ovulation
- mid-cycle release of egg
3. Luteal phase
- secretion of estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum after ovulation

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20
Q

The follicle that releases the secondary oocyte is called

A

Graafian follicle

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21
Q

Serves to thicken the endometrium

A

estrogen

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22
Q

serves to develop and maintain the endometrial wall and inhibit lactation during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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23
Q

Explain the male reproductive system

A

GnRH –> FSH, LH –> testosterone, androgen from testes –> FSH and testosterone –> sertoli cells for sperm development –> LH –> Leydig cells –> testosterone, androgen –> spermatogenesis

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24
Q

A fetus can be tested for genetic disorders via

A

amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

25
Q

What occurs during the fast block of polyspermy?

A

oocyte membrane depolarizes, preventing other sperm from fusing with it

26
Q

What occurs during the slow block of polyspermy?

A

depolarization from fast block causes intracellular Ca2+ to be released causing small cortical granules to release their contents making the zona pellucida impermeable (cortical rxn)

27
Q

Locate the corona radiate and the zona pellucida

A
28
Q

partial cleavage

A

meroblastic

29
Q

Describe DNA

A

A, T, C, G
- double stranded
- deoxyribose

30
Q

What is the order of cell division after fertilization?

A

Zygote –> cleavage –> morula –> blastula –> gastrula

31
Q

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types

A

pluripotent

32
Q

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell

A

totipotent

33
Q

What are the three layers of the gastrula?

A

Ectoderm “attract-o-derm” (things we’re attracted to)- integumentary system (hair, skin, nails, nose, mouth), eye, nervous system

Mesoderm “means” o derm (moving around)- bones, muscle, circulatory system, gonads, kidney

Endoderm linens of “endermal (internal)” organs-linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, lungs, pancreas, thyroid

34
Q

the center cavity formed by gastrulation that is completely surrounded by endoderm cells and gives rise to the gut

A

archenteron

35
Q

opening into the archenteron, becomes the mouth in protostomes or the anus i deuterostomes

A

blastopore

36
Q

OUTER MEMBRANE

Birds and reptiles - gas exchange

Mammals - forms the placenta

A

chorion

37
Q

Birds and reptiles - stores wastes and allows gas exchange

Mammals - transport wastes and forms umbilical cord

A

Allantois

38
Q

amphibians don’t have this

amniotic cavity that cushions developing embryo

A

Amnion

39
Q

Birds and reptiles: nutrient transfer

Mammals: aiding formation of RBCs (no yolk for nutrient transfer)

A

Yolk sac

40
Q

Cells along the dorsal surface of mesoderm layer form the _____ a stiff cartilaginous rod that provides support in lower chordates

A

notochord

41
Q

directly above the notochord in the ectoderm layer, this layer of cells forms a plate and then a groove which forms

A

neural tube

42
Q

notochord becomes

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

43
Q

neural tube becomes

A

brain and spinal cord

44
Q

cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells

A

multipotent

45
Q

Can only become one type of cell

A

unipotent

46
Q

control development by turning on/off genes that code for substances that directly affect development of the body

A

hox (homeotic) genes

47
Q

An experiment in fruit flies found that mutant ____ genes resulted in wrong body parts in wrong places

A

hox, homeotic

48
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

49
Q

What are the three stages of labour?

A

dilation, expulsion (birth), placental

50
Q

twins that originate from the fertilization of two eggs at approximately the same time (two zygotes)

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

51
Q

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

A

identical (monozygotic) twins

52
Q

exernal fertilization

A

ovuliparity

53
Q

giving birth to live young

A

viviparity

54
Q

egg laying

A

oviparity

55
Q

eggs are internal and birthed as live young, but the egg is not nourished in any way by the parent

A

ovoviviparous

56
Q

What are the three trimesters of pregnancy?

A

1-3 months: critical development of organs

4-6 months: fetus very active

7-9 months: final growth

57
Q

Protostomes will undergo what type of cleavage?

A

determinant, spiral

58
Q

Deuterostomes (like humans) will undergo what type of cleavage?

A

indeterminant, radial

DAT (6 decks)

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