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Vertebrate Biology > Diversity And Adaptations > Flashcards

Diversity And Adaptations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 subphyla of chordates?

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata
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2
Q

What is the name of the class for jawless fish? And what does it include?

A

Agnatha

Lampreys and hagfish

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3
Q

What is the class for cartilaginous fish?

A

Chondrichthyes

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4
Q

What are bony fish called?

A

Osteichthyes

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5
Q

What are ray finned fish called?

A

Actinopterygii

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6
Q

What are lobe finned fish called?

A

Sarcopterygii

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7
Q

Name some common features of vertebrates

A 
Vertebral column 
Brain at anterior end of nerve cord 
They’re craniates 
Vertebrae protects the spinal cord 
Closed loop circulatory system
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8
Q

When did jawless fish originate and what are the 2 extant groups?

A

500mya

Lamprey and hagfish

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9
Q

How many species of jawless fish are there?

A

90-100

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10
Q

What things are jawless fish missing?

A

Jaw
Paired fins
Stomach or appendages

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11
Q

When did bony fish first appear? And how many species are alive today?

A

410mya

25,000 species

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12
Q

What percentage of bony fish/Osteichthyes are marine?

A

60%

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13
Q

What is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today?

A

Osteichthyes- bony fish

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14
Q

What is Osteichthyes divided into?

A

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii

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15
Q

What do all bony fish have?

A

Scales, gills and are cold blooded

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16
Q

When did Chondrichthyes first appear? How many species are there?

A

420 mya

1,200 species
500 sharks, 600 skates and rays

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17
Q

What are the skeletons of Chondrichthyes made out of?

A

Cartilage

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18
Q

What don’t Chondrichthyes have for swimming? And what would happen if they stopped swimming?

A

A swim bladder

They would sink

19
Q

Is fertilisation internal or external in Chondrichthyes? And what is the usual development?

A

Internal

Ovoviparous- live birth

20
Q

What are the two subclasses of Chondrichthyes?

A
  1. Elasmobranchii

2. Holocephali

21
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Chondrichthyes?

A 
Jaws 
Paired fins
Denticles
Gills 
No gas bladder
22
Q

How many species of elasmobranchs can tolerate brackish or freshwater?

A

43 species

23
Q

How many kilometres have bull sharks been recorded from the mouth of the Amazon?

A

4,200km

24
Q

What is the name of flat bodied elasmobranchs?

A

Batoids

Skates and rays

25
Q

What are the differences in reproduction between skates and rays?

A

Rays are viviparous: live bearing

Skates are oviparous: egg laying

26
Q

What are the 5 pelagic zones?

A
  1. Epipelagic: surface to 200m
  2. Mesopelagic: 200-1000m
  3. Bathypelagic: 1000-4000m
  4. Abyssopelagic: 4000m to sea floor
  5. Hadopelagic: ocean trenches
27
Q

What fins are used for swimming?

A

Dorsal and caudal

28
Q

What is the ideal body shape?

A

4.5 fusiform

29
Q

What is the body shape number for sharks?

A

3-8

30
Q

What are the fins used for?

A

Stabilising, steering, lift and propulsion

31
Q

What is the role of the dorsal fins?

A

Anti-roll stabilising fins

32
Q

What are the uses of the pectoral fins?

A

Used for steering and help provide the shark with lift

33
Q

What does the causal fin provide when swimming?

A

Thrust

34
Q

What type of tail do most fish have?

A

Homocercal tail

35
Q

What type of tail do sharks usually have?

A

A heterocercal or epicercal tail

36
Q

What are shark scales called?

A

Dermal denticles

37
Q

What are dermal denticles similar to in humans?

A

Teeth

38
Q

How is the age of elasmobranchs estimated?

A

Counting growth rings on vertebra

Counting growth rings on the spine in some species e.g spiny dogfish

39
Q

How do sharks generate dynamic lift?

A

By moving through the water using their outspread pectorals or by inclining their bodies at an angle of attack

40
Q

How do Chondrichthyes and bony fish generate static lift?

A

Bony fish: swimbladder

Chondrichthyes: cartilage, lipids (squalene)= less dense than water

41
Q

Where do sharks store oil?

A

Liver and muscles

42
Q

How many pairs of gills do sharks have?

A

5-7

43
Q

What is the spiracle? And what’s its function?

A

Basically a first gill slit

Provides oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain through a separate blood vessel

Vertebrate Biology (13 decks)

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