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Vertebrate Biology > Amphibians > Flashcards

Amphibians Flashcards

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1
Q

What set the stage for the invasion of land?

A

The evolution of lung-like sacs in response to the inadequacy of gills for respiration in oxygen poor waters

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2
Q

How could increasing temperatures lead to the development of lung-like sacs?

A

In hot conditions there is less oxygen in the water

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3
Q

Give an example of a lobe finned fish

A

Coelacanth

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4
Q

Give some features of lobe-finned fish:

A

Fleshy, lobed, paired fins that are joined to the body by a single bone

Pectoral and pelvic fins resemble tetrapod limbs

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5
Q

What do all sarcopterygians possess?

A

Teeth covered with enamel

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6
Q

What lineage of fish is thought to of given rise to tetrapods?

A

Sarcopterygii

Lobe finned fish

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7
Q

What fish is the closest extant relative to tetrapods?

A

The lungfish

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8
Q

What did the tetrapod legs evolve from?

A

The pectoral girdle and fins attached to opercular bones over the gills- which can be used to push along the terrestrial environment

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9
Q

What are the advantages of separating the pectoral girdle from the skull?

A

Greater mobility permitting greater feeding

Improved articulation of the jaw

Overall improves feeding

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10
Q

What are the advantages of fish moving to terrestrial life?

A

Gain access to insects and plants

Dispersal to improve genetic diversity

Escape from predatory fish

More niches available

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11
Q

What are the consequences of terrestrialisation?

A

Have to adapt senses

Need to change reproduction- can’t have external fertilisation

Change circulatory system

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12
Q

What are the skeletal adaptations of terrestrialisation?

A

Undulatory locomotion

Suspension of vertebral column

Regionalisation is vertebral column

Suspension of internal organs

Reorganisation of the skull

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13
Q

What evolved in between the vertebrae to provide support?

A

Zygapophyses

Now absent in modern aquatic mammals

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14
Q

What are the two tetrapod skeletons that tetrapods evolved from?

A

Acanthostega:Late Devonian, 8 toes on the forelimb

Icthyostega: Late Devonian, 7 toes on the hindlimb

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15
Q

What were the characteristics of early/non-amniote tetrapods?

A

Scaled

Conservative body plan- crocodile like

Most wiped out in the Permian/Triassic mass extinction

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16
Q

What is the 2 phase life history of amphibians?

A

Free living aquatic developmental stage

Terrestrial juvenile/adult stage

17
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

Where they have a reliance on water for respiration

18
Q

What type of teeth did Lissamphibia develop?

A

A new kind of tooth called Pedicellate teeth

19
Q

What are pedicellate teeth?

A

Teeth that have a crown and a base of dentine with an in-calcified area in between

The tooth has a crown and a pedical

As the crown wears, it breaks off and is replaced

20
Q

How do tetrapods hear?

A

They have a layer of cells called Basilar Papilla, but they also have a larger second Amphibian Papilla

21
Q

What frequencies do the two different Papilla respond to?

A

Basilar Papilla: 1200-1600Hz

Amphibian Papilla: 200-800Hz

22
Q

Why do amphibians respond to two different frequencies?

A

Because they need to be able to hear in the water and on the land

23
Q

What transmits sounds from the external environment to the inner ear?

A

Operculum-columella

24
Q

How else can amphibians pick up sounds?

A

By muscles through vibrations that are transmitted into the inner ear

25
Q

How many photoreceptors do adult amphibians typically have?

A

4

26
Q

What are the two types of rod cells?

A
  1. “Red” rods: contain rhodopsin that responds to green light
  2. “Green” rods: unique to amphibians and respond to blue wavelengths

Some can pick up the UV range

27
Q

What are the two types of cone cells?

A
  1. Single cones: pigment has a peak absorbance of 580nm: the yellow wavelength
  2. Double cones: two cones fused together- one contains rhodopsin, other contains yellow response pigment
28
Q

What are the two types of skin glands on amphibian skin?

A
  1. Mucous glands: maintain moist skin for respiration

2. Granular glands: produce toxic secretions

Vertebrate Biology (13 decks)

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