Diversity Flashcards
Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Three Domains
Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
Archaea
Prokaryotic
Cell walls contain no peptidoglycan (Gram negative)
Live in extreme environments
Unique cell membrane, walls and genetic information (RNA)
Reproduce asexually
(Sometimes) immune to antibiotics that affect bacteria, sensitive to antibiotics that affect eukarya
Examples: Methanococcales, Crenarchaeota
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Variable in shape and size
Diverse means of obtaining energy (photosynthetic, chemotrophic, heterotrophic)
Unique genetic information (RNA) in one small loop
Reproduce asexually
Immune to eukarya antibiotics, but not to traditional antibacterial antibiotics
Called pathogens when infectious
Flagella for movement
Round = coccus, rod = bacillus, spiral = spirillum, pairs = diplo, clumps = staphylo, strings = strepto
Examples: mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria
Eukarya
Eukaryotic
Not all have a cell wall
Cell walls contain no peptidoglycan
Unique genetic information (RNA)
Resistant to antibacterial antibiotics, but not to eukaryotic antibiotics
Examples: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Gram positive
peptidoglycan in cell walls
Gram negative
none or very few peptidoglycan in cell walls
Six Kingdoms:
Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Protista
Eukaryotic Motile Most are unicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic Sexual or Asexual Some have chloroplasts and cell walls Convenience kingdom (fits all non conventional eukaryotes) there is no typical protist Examples: amoeba, kelps, green algae
Fungi
Eukaryotic Sessile Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophic Sexual or Asexual Cell walls are not organized tissues Cell walls are made of chitin No chloroplasts Examples: mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Plantae
Eukaryotic Sessile Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthetic) Sexual or asexual Cell walls are organized tissues Cell walls contain cellulose Chloroplasts Examples: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryotic Motile or Sessile Multicellular Heterotrophic Sexual Cells have organized tissues No cell walls No cellulose No chloroplasts Examples: elephants, sponges, corals, insects, snails, birds, humans
What is binary fission
Binary fission (“division in half”) is a kind of asexual reproduction. … In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves , producing two new cells. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is also equally split.
Fungi Reproduction
4 spores are formed and released
Spores produce hyphae
Hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic cells (2 haploid nuclei)
Hyphae grow into large mycelium
Mycelium produces mushroom cap
Basidia on gills produce zygotes by fusing haploid nuclei
Zygote produces 4 haploid nuclei (spores)
Alternation of generation
a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms. The generations are alternately sexual and asexual (as in ferns)
Categories of Plants
Bryophytes: small seedless no vascular tissue - moss
Pterophytes: vascular tissue seedless - ferns
Gymnosperms: seeds needles leaves - conifers
Angiosperms: flowering plants seeds (monocot and dicot)
Echinoderm
Bilateral symmetry
3 layers
Incomplete gut
(starfish)
Arthropoda
Bilateral symmetry 3 layers Complete systems Segmented bodies Exoskeleton made of chitin (Insects)
Mollusca
3 layers
Complete guts
Mantled creatures (ie. clams)
Annelida
Bilateral symmetry 3 layers Complete digestive system Gas exchange through skin (or other specialized body parts) (Segmented worms)
Nematoda
Bilateral symmetry 2 layers Partially completed digestive system Reproduce very fast (Roundworms)
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral symmetry 3 layers Incomplete digestive system No circulatory Respiratory system (Flatworms)
Rotifers
Bilateral symmetry 2 layers Incomplete digestive system Small aquatic animals (Eurotatoria)
Cnidaria
Radial symmetry
2 layers
No mesoderm
(Jellyfish)
Chordata
Bilateral symmetry
3 layers
Complete digestive system
Vertebrae
Every Arthropod Must Announce Naming Parties Rather Cooly and Collectedly
Echinoderm Arthropod Mollusca Annelida Nematoda Platyhelminthes Rotifer Cnidaria Chordata
Agnathans
Jawless fish with bones made of cartilage
Chondrichthyes
Jaws with bones made of cartilage
Actinopterygii
Bony skeleton and jaw
Amphibian
tetrapods
Reptilia
terrestrial tetrapods that breathe with lungs
Aves
tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings, warm blooded
Mammalia
tetrapods with hair, mammary glands, warm blooded
Virus
Small nonliving particle
Contained by a capsid (capsule made of protein)
No cytoplasm
Can only reproduce within a host cell
Epidemic - rapid spread in particular region
Pandemic - global epidemic
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria cells
Viroid
Small infectious piece of RNA
No capsid
Plant pathogen
Prion
Proteinaceous infectious particle
Found in the brain and nervous tissue
Causes the brain to have spongy holes
Vaccine
Weakened / dead forms or parts of a virus
