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Medicine > DIT Qbank > Flashcards

DIT Qbank Flashcards

1
Q

Blastocyst

origin + 2 components

A

Zygote ->Morula->Blastocyst

2 Components of Blastocyst:

  • Inner Cell Mass (->fetus)
  • Trophoblast (->fetal portion of placenta)
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2
Q

Placenta

2 components

A

2 Components

  • Fetal Portion (Chorion + Villi - produced by Trophoblast)
  • Maternal Portion (Decidua Basalis)
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3
Q

Implantation

A

Day 6

Trophoblast of Blastocyst burrows into endometrium + plugs hole w/ fibrin coagulum

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4
Q

Bilaminar -> Trilaminar Disk

A

Inner Cell Mass of Blastocyst ->

Bilaminar Disk (w2)

  • Epiblast (->Trilaminar Disk)
  • Hypoblast (goes away)

Trilaminar Disk, or Gastrula (w3)

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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5
Q

Neurulation

A

Week 3

Notochord (mesoderm) induces Neural Plate (ectoderm)

Neural Plate ->

  • Neural Tube (CNS)
  • Neural Crest Cells (PNS)
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6
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Weeks 3-8

Organogenesis, most suceptible to teratogens

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7
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Anterior Pituitary

A

Surface Ectoderm

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8
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Posterior Pituitary

A

Neural Tube

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9
Q

Embryonic Structure that serves as

Secondary Energy Source

A

Endodermal Yolk Sac

derived from hypoblast

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10
Q

Embryonic Structure that serves as

Reservoir of Undifferentiated Stem Cells

A

Endodermal Yolk Sac

derived from hypoblast

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11
Q

3 Germ Layers derived

from Epiblast

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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12
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Cornea

A

Neural Crest

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13
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Lens

A

Surface Ectoderm

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14
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Retina

A

Neuroectoderm

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15
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Olfactory Epit

A

Surface Ectoderm

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16
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Mammary Glands

A

Surface Ectoderm

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17
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Salivary Glands

A

Surface Ectoderm

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18
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Sweat Glands

A

Surface Ectoderm

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19
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Lower 2/3 Vagina

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

Embryologic Origin of

Upper 1/3 Vagina

A

Mesoderm

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21
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Cartilage Damage

A

Levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)

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22
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Discolored Teeth

A

Tetracycline

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23
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Ebstein Heart Anomaly

A

Lithium

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24
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Holoprosencephaly

A

Ethanol

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25
Q 
Teratogenic Drug causing
Limb Hypoplasia (2)
A

. Cyclophosphamide

. Thaliomide

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26
Q 
Teratogenic Drug causing
Spina Bifida (2)
A

. Carbamazepine

. Valproic Acid

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27
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Ototoxicity

A

Gentamycin (Aminoglycoside)

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28
Q

Teratogenic Drug causing

Fetal Hydantoin Sd

A

Phenytoin (antiepileptic)

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29
Q

3 Teratogenic ATB

A

. Aminoglycosides
. Fluoroquinolones
. Tetracyclines

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30
Q

6 Teratogenic Drugs Classified

Pregnancy Category X

A 
. Methotrexate (MTX)
. Isotretinoin (Vit. A)
. Statins
. Warfarin
. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
. Thalidomide
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31
Q

Gene Coding for

Skeletal Morphology

A

Homeobox (HOX) genes

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32
Q

Mutation in Homeobox HOXD-13

A

Synpolydactyly (extra digit fused b/t 3rd + 4th finger)

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33
Q

Teratogenic Drug that alters

HOX gene expression

A

Isotretinoin (Retinoic Acid / Vit. A)

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34
Q 
Embryologic Origin of
Anal Canal (2)
A

. Endoderm (proximal to pectinate line)

. Surface Ectoderm (distal to pectinate line)

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35
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

ACE Inhibitors

A

Renal abnormalities

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36
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

Aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity

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37
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

Clear Cell Vaginal Adenocarcinoma

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38
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

Tetracyclines

A

Discolored Teeth

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39
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

Valproic Acid

A

Spina Bifida (neural tube defects)

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40
Q

Teratogenic Effect of

Isotretinoin (Vit. A)

A

CNS, Heart, skull abnormalities

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41
Q

What must be present on a Protein

to gain entry into the Nucleus?

A

Nuclear Localization Signals (+ charged AA)
. Proline
. Arginine
. Lysine

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42
Q

Which 2 Cyclin-CDK Complexes

assist Progression of G1 to S Phase?

A

. Cyclin D + CDK4

. Cyclin E + CDK2

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43
Q

Which 2 Cyclin-CDK Complexes

assist Progression of G2 to M Phase?

A

. Cyclin A + CDK2

. Cyclin B + CDK1

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44
Q

What Molecule does the Golgi attach

to Proteins to send them to Lysosomes? Def?

A

Mannose-6-Phosphate
Def. leads to Inclusion-Cell (I-Cell) Disease
Corneal clouding, coarse facies,
Hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities,
Death by 8yrs

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45
Q

3 Different Methods

for IC Protein Breakdown

A

. Proteasomes (Ubiquitin marking)
. Lysosomes
. Ca+ Dependent Enzimes

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46
Q

Which AA are found on

Nuclear Localization Signals?

A

Proline, Arginine, Lysine

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47
Q

Most Common Cause of

Intellectual Disability?

A

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy (Fetal Alcohol Sd)

48
Q

How do Tumor Suppressor Proteins

Regulate the Cell Cycle?

A

Rb + p53 prevent the G1 Phase cell from entering S Phase.

49
Q

Stain used to identify

Carcinoma

A

Cytokeratin (in Epithelial cells)

50
Q

Stain used to identify
Rhabdomyosarcoma
+ Leiomyosarcoma

A

Desmin (in Muscle cells)

51
Q

Stain used to identify

Glioblastoma

A

Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)

in Astrocytes, Schwann cells, Neuroglia

52
Q

Stain used to identify

Sarcoma

A

Vimentin (Connective tissue)

in Fibroblasts, Leukocytes, Endothelium cells

53
Q

Stain used to identify

Neuroblastoma

A

Neurofilaments (L, M, H molecular wt)

in Axons of Neuron cells

54
Q

3 Cytoskeleton Filaments

in Order of Magnitude

A

. Microfilaments (thinnest - Actin, cell motility)
. Intermediate Filaments (1/2 size of Microtubules)
. Microtubules (thickest - alpha +beta Tubulin Proteins)

55
Q

3 Actions of Microtubules

A

. Movement (cilia, flagella)
. Mitotic Spindles (separates Xs during Mitosis)
. Slow Axoplasmic Transport (tracks for Molecular Transport Proteins [Kinesin + Dinesin])

56
Q

Intermediate Filament of

Connective Tissue

A

Vimentin

57
Q

Intermediate Filament of

Muscle Tissue

A

Desmin

58
Q

Intermediate Filament of

Epithelial Tissue

A

Cytokeratin

59
Q

Intermediate Filament of

Axons

A

Neurofilaments

60
Q

Kartagener Sd

Triad of Symptoms

A

Situs Inversus
Bronchiectasis
Chronic Sinusitis
(Also Infertility!)

61
Q

Anti-Cancer Drugs

Affecting Microtubules

A

. Vinka-Alkaloids (Vincristine, Vinblastine)
Prevent Microtubule Polimerization (growth)
. Taxanes (Paclitaxel, Docetaxel)
Hyperstabilizes Microtubules (they can grow, not break down)

62
Q

Anti-Helminthic Drugs

Affecting Microtubules

A

Benzmidazoles (hookworms + tapeworms)

Mebendazole, Albendazole, Thiabendazole

63
Q

Anti-Fungal Drug

Affecting Microtubules

A

Griseofulvin

64
Q

Anti-Inflammatory Drug

Affecting Microtubules

A

Colchicine

65
Q

What Molecules provide Structural

Framework for DNA + Nuclear Envelope?

A

Nuclear Lamins

66
Q

What is Deficient

in I-Cell Disease?

A

Phosphotransferase Enzyme

Tags Lysosomal Enzymes with Mannose-6-Phosphate to go to Lysosomes

67
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Increases Bronchial Tone?

A

Thromboxane, Leukotrienes

68
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Decreases Bronchial Tone?

A

Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin (PGI2)

69
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Increases Platelet Aggregation?

A

Thromboxane

70
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Decreases Platelet Aggregation?

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

71
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Increases Uterine Tone?

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2a)

72
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Decreases Uterine Tone?

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

73
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Increases Vascular Tone?

A

Thromboxane

74
Q

Which Arachidonic Acid Product

Decreases Vascular Tone?

A

Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin (PGI2)

75
Q

2 Actions of

Leukotrienes

A

. Neutrophil Chemotaxis

. Increase Bronchial Tone

76
Q

4 Actions of

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

. Decrease Platelet Aggregation
. Decrease Vascular Tone
. Decrease Bronchial Tone
. Decrease Uterine Tone

77
Q

4 Actions of

Prostaglandins

A

. Increase Gastric Mucus
. Increase Uterine Tone
. Decrease Vascular Tone
. Decrease Bronchial Tone

78
Q

4 Actions of

Thromboxane

A

. Increase Platelet Aggregation
. Increase Vascular Tone
. Increase Bronchial Tone

79
Q

How Do Corticoids affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?

A

Corticoids inhibit enzyme Phospholipase A2,

which forms Arachidonic Acid from Cell Memb Phospholipids.

80
Q

How Does Zileuton affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?

A

Zileuton inhibits enzyme Lipooxygenase,

which forms Hydroperoxides (Leukotrienes) from Arachidonic Acid.

81
Q

How Do Zafirlukast + Montelukast affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?

A

Zafirlukast + Montelukast inhibit Leukotriene Rec, inhibiting Neutrophil Chemotaxis + Increase in Bronchial Tone.

82
Q

How Do ASA, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, Celecoxib
affect the Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?

A

ASA, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, Celecoxib inhibit enzyme Cyclooxygenase (COX),
which forms Endoperoxides from Arachidonic Acid.

83
Q

Which 3 cell types regenerate constantly due to an absence of G0 Phase + short G1 Phase?

A

Skin, Hair Follicles, Bone Marrow

84
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

Cardiac Myocytes

A

. Elevated Myoglobin, CK, CK-MB, Troponin I

85
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

Skeletal Myocytes

A

. Elevated CK, Aldolase, Myoglobin

86
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

Hepatocytes

A

. Elevated AST, ALT, FAL, GGT

87
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

Salivary Gland Cells

A

. Elevated Amylase

88
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

Pancreatic Exocrine Cells

A

. Elevated Amylase, Lipase

89
Q

Serum Elevations w/ Injury to

RBCs

A

. Elevated Heme, leading to Bilirubin

90
Q

3 Characteristic Features

of a Cell Undergoing Apoptosis

A

. Cell Shrinkage + Blebbing
. Apoptotic Bodies
. Nuclear Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis

91
Q

How do Bax, Bcl-2

Affect Apoptosis?

A

. Bcl-2 is Anti-Apoptotic, protects Mitochondria Memb

. Bax is Pro-Apoptotic, increases Mitochondria Memb permeability

92
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Peripheral Nervous System

A

ANS, Dorsal Ganglia, CN, Schwann Cells

93
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Ear

A

Bones of Middle Ear

94
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Eye

A

Ant Chamber (cornea, sclera, ciliary musc, pigment of iris)

95
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Adrenal Gland

A

Chromafin Cells in Medulla (produce E + NE)

96
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Mouth

A

Odontoblasts (produce Dentin)

97
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Heart

A

Aorticopulmonary (Spiral) Septum

98
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

GI

A

Enteric NS, Celiac Ganglion

99
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Thyroid

A

Parafollicular Cells (produce Calcitonin)

100
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives in

Skin

A

Melanocytes

101
Q

3 Acute Inflammation Cytokines

A

. IL-1
. IL-6
. TNF-alpha

102
Q

3 Mediators of Fluid Exudation

in acute infammation

A

. Histamine
. Serotonin
. Bradykinin

103
Q

What is Fibrosis?

What Cofactor Required?

A

. Fibroblasts lay down Collagen during inflammation
. Requires Cofactor Vit. C
(Scurvy, Vit. C Def-> poor wound healing!)

104
Q

Tissue Remodeling

A

Metalloproteinases (containing Zinc) remodel initial tissue fibrosis after inflammation.

105
Q

Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

Mediators

A

. Acute Inflammation mediated by Neutrophils

. Chronic Inflammation mediated by Macrophages + Lymphocytes (Mononuclear Cells)

106
Q 
(ESR) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Inflammation Marker (non-specific)
A

During Inflammation, there is elevated Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen produced by the Liver, causes RBCs to clump together faster in test tube!
Seen in Temporal Arteritis, RA, SLE, Polymyalgia Rheumatica, infection, malignancy

107
Q 
(CRP) C-Reactive Protein
Inflammation Marker (non-specific)
A

Acute-phase Reactant Produced by Liver
Opsonizes Bacteria + Activates Complement
Elevation seen in MI, Stroke, PAD, sudden Cardiac Death

108
Q

4 Extravasation Steps

+ their Mediators

A
  1. Rolling (via Selectin)
  2. Tight Binding (via Integrin LFA-1)
  3. Diapedesis (via PECAM-1)
  4. Migration (via chemotaxis factors C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein)
109
Q

What Cytokine is Important in the Formation of Granulomas?

A

TNF-alpha (secreted by Macrophages)

110
Q

What Cell Type produces Fibrinogen + CRP?

A

Hepatocytes

111
Q

What Cell Type is Responsible for Acute Inflammation?

A

Neutrophils (PMN)

112
Q

What Cell Type is Responsible for Chronic Inflammation?

A

Macrophages + Lymphocytes

113
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Def

A

Def. in LFA-1 Integrin, Leulocyte cannot enter tissues!
. Delayed Separation of Umbilicus
. Recurrent Bacterial Infections

114
Q

What Protein is Involved in Transporting Endocytosed Vescicles from Memb to Endosome?

A

Clathrin

115
Q

Which 2 Metals Facilitate Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals?

A

. Fe+

. Cu+

116
Q

Which Tumor Suppressor Proteins prevent progression of Cell into S Phase?

A

. p53

. Rb

117
Q

4 Types of Collagen (+ tissues)

A

. Type I (Strong - Bone, Skin, Dentin)
. Type II (Slippery - Cartilage, Vitreous Body, Nucleus Pulposus)
. Type III (Bloody - Vasculature, Uterus, Fetus)
. Type IV (BM - Basement Memb)

Medicine (7 decks)

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