DIT Qbank Flashcards
1
Q
Blastocyst
origin + 2 components
A
Zygote ->Morula->Blastocyst
2 Components of Blastocyst:
- Inner Cell Mass (->fetus)
- Trophoblast (->fetal portion of placenta)
2
Q
Placenta
2 components
A
2 Components
- Fetal Portion (Chorion + Villi - produced by Trophoblast)
- Maternal Portion (Decidua Basalis)
3
Q
Implantation
A
Day 6
Trophoblast of Blastocyst burrows into endometrium + plugs hole w/ fibrin coagulum
4
Q
Bilaminar -> Trilaminar Disk
A
Inner Cell Mass of Blastocyst ->
Bilaminar Disk (w2)
- Epiblast (->Trilaminar Disk)
- Hypoblast (goes away)
Trilaminar Disk, or Gastrula (w3)
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
5
Q
Neurulation
A
Week 3
Notochord (mesoderm) induces Neural Plate (ectoderm)
Neural Plate ->
- Neural Tube (CNS)
- Neural Crest Cells (PNS)
6
Q
Embryonic Period
A
Weeks 3-8
Organogenesis, most suceptible to teratogens
7
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Anterior Pituitary
A
Surface Ectoderm
8
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Posterior Pituitary
A
Neural Tube
9
Q
Embryonic Structure that serves as
Secondary Energy Source
A
Endodermal Yolk Sac
derived from hypoblast
10
Q
Embryonic Structure that serves as
Reservoir of Undifferentiated Stem Cells
A
Endodermal Yolk Sac
derived from hypoblast
11
Q
3 Germ Layers derived
from Epiblast
A
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
12
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Cornea
A
Neural Crest
13
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Lens
A
Surface Ectoderm
14
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Retina
A
Neuroectoderm
15
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Olfactory Epit
A
Surface Ectoderm
16
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Mammary Glands
A
Surface Ectoderm
17
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Salivary Glands
A
Surface Ectoderm
18
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Sweat Glands
A
Surface Ectoderm
19
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Lower 2/3 Vagina
A
Endoderm
20
Q
Embryologic Origin of
Upper 1/3 Vagina
A
Mesoderm
21
Q
Teratogenic Drug causing
Cartilage Damage
A
Levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)
22
Q
Teratogenic Drug causing
Discolored Teeth
A
Tetracycline
23
Q
Teratogenic Drug causing
Ebstein Heart Anomaly
A
Lithium
24
Q
Teratogenic Drug causing
Holoprosencephaly
A
Ethanol
25
```
Teratogenic Drug causing
Limb Hypoplasia (2)
```
. Cyclophosphamide
| . Thaliomide
26
```
Teratogenic Drug causing
Spina Bifida (2)
```
. Carbamazepine
| . Valproic Acid
27
Teratogenic Drug causing
| Ototoxicity
Gentamycin (Aminoglycoside)
28
Teratogenic Drug causing
| Fetal Hydantoin Sd
Phenytoin (antiepileptic)
29
3 Teratogenic ATB
. Aminoglycosides
. Fluoroquinolones
. Tetracyclines
30
6 Teratogenic Drugs Classified
| Pregnancy Category X
```
. Methotrexate (MTX)
. Isotretinoin (Vit. A)
. Statins
. Warfarin
. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
. Thalidomide
```
31
Gene Coding for
| Skeletal Morphology
Homeobox (HOX) genes
32
Mutation in Homeobox HOXD-13
Synpolydactyly (extra digit fused b/t 3rd + 4th finger)
33
Teratogenic Drug that alters
| HOX gene expression
Isotretinoin (Retinoic Acid / Vit. A)
34
```
Embryologic Origin of
Anal Canal (2)
```
. Endoderm (proximal to pectinate line)
| . Surface Ectoderm (distal to pectinate line)
35
Teratogenic Effect of
| ACE Inhibitors
Renal abnormalities
36
Teratogenic Effect of
| Aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity
37
Teratogenic Effect of
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Clear Cell Vaginal Adenocarcinoma
38
Teratogenic Effect of
| Tetracyclines
Discolored Teeth
39
Teratogenic Effect of
| Valproic Acid
Spina Bifida (neural tube defects)
40
Teratogenic Effect of
| Isotretinoin (Vit. A)
CNS, Heart, skull abnormalities
41
What must be present on a Protein
| to gain entry into the Nucleus?
Nuclear Localization Signals (+ charged AA)
. Proline
. Arginine
. Lysine
42
Which 2 Cyclin-CDK Complexes
| assist Progression of G1 to S Phase?
. Cyclin D + CDK4
| . Cyclin E + CDK2
43
Which 2 Cyclin-CDK Complexes
| assist Progression of G2 to M Phase?
. Cyclin A + CDK2
| . Cyclin B + CDK1
44
What Molecule does the Golgi attach
| to Proteins to send them to Lysosomes? Def?
Mannose-6-Phosphate
Def. leads to Inclusion-Cell (I-Cell) Disease
Corneal clouding, coarse facies,
Hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities,
Death by 8yrs
45
3 Different Methods
| for IC Protein Breakdown
. Proteasomes (Ubiquitin marking)
. Lysosomes
. Ca+ Dependent Enzimes
46
Which AA are found on
| Nuclear Localization Signals?
Proline, Arginine, Lysine
47
Most Common Cause of
| Intellectual Disability?
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy (Fetal Alcohol Sd)
48
How do Tumor Suppressor Proteins
| Regulate the Cell Cycle?
Rb + p53 prevent the G1 Phase cell from entering S Phase.
49
Stain used to identify
| Carcinoma
Cytokeratin (in Epithelial cells)
50
Stain used to identify
Rhabdomyosarcoma
+ Leiomyosarcoma
Desmin (in Muscle cells)
51
Stain used to identify
| Glioblastoma
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)
| in Astrocytes, Schwann cells, Neuroglia
52
Stain used to identify
| Sarcoma
Vimentin (Connective tissue)
| in Fibroblasts, Leukocytes, Endothelium cells
53
Stain used to identify
| Neuroblastoma
Neurofilaments (L, M, H molecular wt)
| in Axons of Neuron cells
54
3 Cytoskeleton Filaments
| in Order of Magnitude
. Microfilaments (thinnest - Actin, cell motility)
. Intermediate Filaments (1/2 size of Microtubules)
. Microtubules (thickest - alpha +beta Tubulin Proteins)
55
3 Actions of Microtubules
. Movement (cilia, flagella)
. Mitotic Spindles (separates Xs during Mitosis)
. Slow Axoplasmic Transport (tracks for Molecular Transport Proteins [Kinesin + Dinesin])
56
Intermediate Filament of
| Connective Tissue
Vimentin
57
Intermediate Filament of
| Muscle Tissue
Desmin
58
Intermediate Filament of
| Epithelial Tissue
Cytokeratin
59
Intermediate Filament of
| Axons
Neurofilaments
60
Kartagener Sd
| Triad of Symptoms
Situs Inversus
Bronchiectasis
Chronic Sinusitis
(Also Infertility!)
61
Anti-Cancer Drugs
| Affecting Microtubules
. Vinka-Alkaloids (Vincristine, Vinblastine)
Prevent Microtubule Polimerization (growth)
. Taxanes (Paclitaxel, Docetaxel)
Hyperstabilizes Microtubules (they can grow, not break down)
62
Anti-Helminthic Drugs
| Affecting Microtubules
Benzmidazoles (hookworms + tapeworms)
| Mebendazole, Albendazole, Thiabendazole
63
Anti-Fungal Drug
| Affecting Microtubules
Griseofulvin
64
Anti-Inflammatory Drug
| Affecting Microtubules
Colchicine
65
What Molecules provide Structural
| Framework for DNA + Nuclear Envelope?
Nuclear Lamins
66
What is Deficient
| in I-Cell Disease?
Phosphotransferase Enzyme
| Tags Lysosomal Enzymes with Mannose-6-Phosphate to go to Lysosomes
67
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Increases Bronchial Tone?
Thromboxane, Leukotrienes
68
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Decreases Bronchial Tone?
Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin (PGI2)
69
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Increases Platelet Aggregation?
Thromboxane
70
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Decreases Platelet Aggregation?
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
71
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Increases Uterine Tone?
Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2a)
72
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Decreases Uterine Tone?
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
73
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Increases Vascular Tone?
Thromboxane
74
Which Arachidonic Acid Product
| Decreases Vascular Tone?
Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin (PGI2)
75
2 Actions of
| Leukotrienes
. Neutrophil Chemotaxis
| . Increase Bronchial Tone
76
4 Actions of
| Prostacyclin (PGI2)
. Decrease Platelet Aggregation
. Decrease Vascular Tone
. Decrease Bronchial Tone
. Decrease Uterine Tone
77
4 Actions of
| Prostaglandins
. Increase Gastric Mucus
. Increase Uterine Tone
. Decrease Vascular Tone
. Decrease Bronchial Tone
78
4 Actions of
| Thromboxane
. Increase Platelet Aggregation
. Increase Vascular Tone
. Increase Bronchial Tone
79
How Do Corticoids affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?
Corticoids inhibit enzyme Phospholipase A2,
| which forms Arachidonic Acid from Cell Memb Phospholipids.
80
How Does Zileuton affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?
Zileuton inhibits enzyme Lipooxygenase,
| which forms Hydroperoxides (Leukotrienes) from Arachidonic Acid.
81
How Do Zafirlukast + Montelukast affect the
Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?
Zafirlukast + Montelukast inhibit Leukotriene Rec, inhibiting Neutrophil Chemotaxis + Increase in Bronchial Tone.
82
How Do ASA, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, Celecoxib
affect the Arachidonic Acid Product Pathway?
What Enzyme is affected?
ASA, NSAIDs, Acetaminophen, Celecoxib inhibit enzyme Cyclooxygenase (COX),
which forms Endoperoxides from Arachidonic Acid.
83
Which 3 cell types regenerate constantly due to an absence of G0 Phase + short G1 Phase?
Skin, Hair Follicles, Bone Marrow
84
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| Cardiac Myocytes
. Elevated Myoglobin, CK, CK-MB, Troponin I
85
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| Skeletal Myocytes
. Elevated CK, Aldolase, Myoglobin
86
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| Hepatocytes
. Elevated AST, ALT, FAL, GGT
87
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| Salivary Gland Cells
. Elevated Amylase
88
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| Pancreatic Exocrine Cells
. Elevated Amylase, Lipase
89
Serum Elevations w/ Injury to
| RBCs
. Elevated Heme, leading to Bilirubin
90
3 Characteristic Features
| of a Cell Undergoing Apoptosis
. Cell Shrinkage + Blebbing
. Apoptotic Bodies
. Nuclear Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis
91
How do Bax, Bcl-2
| Affect Apoptosis?
. Bcl-2 is Anti-Apoptotic, protects Mitochondria Memb
| . Bax is Pro-Apoptotic, increases Mitochondria Memb permeability
92
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Peripheral Nervous System
ANS, Dorsal Ganglia, CN, Schwann Cells
93
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Ear
Bones of Middle Ear
94
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Eye
Ant Chamber (cornea, sclera, ciliary musc, pigment of iris)
95
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Adrenal Gland
Chromafin Cells in Medulla (produce E + NE)
96
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Mouth
Odontoblasts (produce Dentin)
97
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Heart
Aorticopulmonary (Spiral) Septum
98
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| GI
Enteric NS, Celiac Ganglion
99
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Thyroid
Parafollicular Cells (produce Calcitonin)
100
Neural Crest Derivatives in
| Skin
Melanocytes
101
3 Acute Inflammation Cytokines
. IL-1
. IL-6
. TNF-alpha
102
3 Mediators of Fluid Exudation
| in acute infammation
. Histamine
. Serotonin
. Bradykinin
103
What is Fibrosis?
| What Cofactor Required?
. Fibroblasts lay down Collagen during inflammation
. Requires Cofactor Vit. C
(Scurvy, Vit. C Def-> poor wound healing!)
104
Tissue Remodeling
Metalloproteinases (containing Zinc) remodel initial tissue fibrosis after inflammation.
105
Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation
| Mediators
. Acute Inflammation mediated by Neutrophils
| . Chronic Inflammation mediated by Macrophages + Lymphocytes (Mononuclear Cells)
106
```
(ESR) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Inflammation Marker (non-specific)
```
During Inflammation, there is elevated Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen produced by the Liver, causes RBCs to clump together faster in test tube!
Seen in Temporal Arteritis, RA, SLE, Polymyalgia Rheumatica, infection, malignancy
107
```
(CRP) C-Reactive Protein
Inflammation Marker (non-specific)
```
Acute-phase Reactant Produced by Liver
Opsonizes Bacteria + Activates Complement
Elevation seen in MI, Stroke, PAD, sudden Cardiac Death
108
4 Extravasation Steps
| + their Mediators
1. Rolling (via Selectin)
2. Tight Binding (via Integrin LFA-1)
3. Diapedesis (via PECAM-1)
4. Migration (via chemotaxis factors C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein)
109
What Cytokine is Important in the Formation of Granulomas?
TNF-alpha (secreted by Macrophages)
110
What Cell Type produces Fibrinogen + CRP?
Hepatocytes
111
What Cell Type is Responsible for Acute Inflammation?
Neutrophils (PMN)
112
What Cell Type is Responsible for Chronic Inflammation?
Macrophages + Lymphocytes
113
Leukocyte Adhesion Def
Def. in LFA-1 Integrin, Leulocyte cannot enter tissues!
. Delayed Separation of Umbilicus
. Recurrent Bacterial Infections
114
What Protein is Involved in Transporting Endocytosed Vescicles from Memb to Endosome?
Clathrin
115
Which 2 Metals Facilitate Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals?
. Fe+
| . Cu+
116
Which Tumor Suppressor Proteins prevent progression of Cell into S Phase?
. p53
| . Rb
117
4 Types of Collagen (+ tissues)
. Type I (Strong - Bone, Skin, Dentin)
. Type II (Slippery - Cartilage, Vitreous Body, Nucleus Pulposus)
. Type III (Bloody - Vasculature, Uterus, Fetus)
. Type IV (BM - Basement Memb)
