DIT Q's Flashcards
What effect might aminoglycosides have on a developing fetus?
Ototoxicity
What birth defect can result from the following agents:
Ace inhibitors
Folate antagonist
Tetracyclines
Lithium
Ace inhibitors - renal damage
Folate antagonist - neural tube defects
Tetracyclines - teeth discoloration
Lithium - Ebsteins anomaly
What molecule targets proteins in the ER for lysosomes?
Mannose-6-phosphate
What artery supplies…
medullary pyramids and medial lemnisculs in the medulla ?
inferior cerebellar peduncles, nuc ambiguus and lateral STT in teh medulla?
medullary pyramids and medial lemnisculs in the medulla ?
Anterior spinal artery
inferior cerebellar peduncles, nuc ambiguus and lateral STT in teh medulla?
PICA
Labs for hepatic cirrhosis?
AST > ALT (2:1)
“A Scotch and Tonic”
DDX for erectile dysfunction:
- Hormonal disturbances (low T, hyperprolactinemia)
- Depression
- Diabetes
- Psychological/Psyciatrical (performance anxiety)
- Medication adverse side effects (beta blockers, SSRIs, neuroleptics, ethanol)
What is type I (alpha) error?
Study shows difference between two groups when there is no actual difference
What trace element is important for carbonic anhydrase and lactate dehydrogenase?
zinc!
impt also for protein folding
when do we see subluxation of the lenses?
Marfan syndrome
homocystinuria
Tuft of hair in the lower back?
spina bifida occulta
What occurs at the corto-medullary junction of the thymus?
positive and negative selection of T-cells
positively restrict MHC
MHC I - on most nucleated cells
MHC II - only on antigen presenting cells
What is the clinical definition of chornic bronchitis?
productive cough for at least 3 months, in at least 2 consecutive years
Local anesthesia:
lidocaine and other local anesthetics act by blocking sodium channels, preventing firing
small myelinated fibers blocked first
smaller before large
myelinated before unmyelinated
what meds used in
urge incotinence?
Anticholinergic drugs:
oxybutynin
tolterodine
darifenacin
solifenacin
tropsium
different RNAs?
prokaryotes only one RNA, makes everything
Eurkaryotes 3 RNAs
RNA I –> rRNA
RNA II –> mRNA
RNA III –> tRNA
which cells do not req insulin?
muscles and adipose require glut 4 need insulin
brain, RBC< intestines, cornea, kidney, liver DONT require insulin
Kallman syndrome?
sporadic or Xlinked
caused by defective development of GnRH-secreting cells in the hypothalams
men > women
dec FSH, dec LH, low test
fail 2nd sexual characteristics
low sperm counts
associated with anosmia (agensis or hypoplasia of olfactory bulb) and midline facial defects
how can NSAIDs make renal insufficiency worse?
Careful using NSAIDs in pt with renal insufficiency
NSAIDS inhibit COX block prostaglandins
recall prostaglandins DILATE, esp afferent arteriole of glolmerulus!! thus if the afferent arteriole of glomerulus is not dilating, you can low renal plasma flow, low GFR
INC infections of S. Aureus and E.coli? What immunity disfunction increases the risk?
Chronic granulomatous disease
due to a decrease in the NADPH oxidase deficiency
normally allows phagocytes to create oxygen free radicals and hydrogen periodize to kill bacteria in phagosomes
PREDISPOSES CATALASE POSITIVE bacterial infections
(catalase cat)
Causes of metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap?
MUD PILES
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol
Iron tables / Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates (aspirins)
Attributable Risk
Attributable riks = difference between exposed and unexposed groups, porportion of diease caused by exposure
2X2
AR = (A / A+B) - (C / C+D)
leuprolide
GnRH agonist
binds to GnRH r in anterior pituitary –> not pulsatile! –> downregulation of receptors –> suppression of release of LH and FSH and reduced testosterone production –> helps slow the growth of prostate CA
Urea cycle enzyme deficiencies?
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency:
INC ammonia levels within the first days of life
X linked recessive
–> INC orotic acid in blood and urine (part of purine synthesis)
dec BUN, symptoms of hyperammonemia (neurological deficits)
Hyperammonemia: tremor, slurred speech, comnolence, vomiting, cerebral edema, blurred vision
Brachial cleft cyst vs thyroglossal duct cyst?
Branchia cleft cyst @ lateral neck, does NOT move with swallowing
Thyroglossal duct @ midline, MOVES with swallowing
remnant is foramen cecum
thyroid diverticulum arises form the flor of the primitive pharnyx and descents to the beck at foramen cecum –> thyroid remains connects to tongue by thyroglossal duct (if persists!!); if duct persist it becoems the pyramidal lobe of thyroid

