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The Next Generation Exam 2 > Disturbances of Equine Reproduction > Flashcards

Disturbances of Equine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor of horses?

A

Granulosa Cell Tumors

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2
Q

What kind of behavioral changes are seen with Granulosa Cell Tumors?

A

Aggression
Stallion-like behavior
Markedly prolonged estrous
Anestrus (less common)

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3
Q

What would be the ultrasound appearance of GCTs?

A

“Honeycomb” pattern
Solid mass
Single large cyst

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4
Q

What would the hormone analysis of a GCT look like?

A

Low progesterone
Inc. Testosterone (Thecal, 50%)
Inc. Inhibin (90%)
Inc. Anti-Mullerian Hormone (98%)

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5
Q

What is the treatment for GCTs? How long until the mare returns to normal?

A

Surgical removal is curative
6-12 months for other ovary to recover

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6
Q

What are the other three types of ovarian tumors in mares?

A

Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Cystadenoma

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7
Q

What is the second most common type of ovarian tumor in horses?

A

Teratoma

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a teratoma?

A

Benign
Germ cell origin (teeth, hair, bone, cartilage, nerves, adipose tissue)
Large size can cause colic
Surgery is curative

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of dysgerminoma?

A

Rare
Malignant, spread rapidly
Poor prognosis
Germ cell origin
No external signs

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a cystadenoma?

A

Rare
Benign
Locally invasive
Ovarian capsule or epithelium
Multiple cyst like structures
Surgery is curative

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11
Q

How does an ovarian hematoma present?

A

Colic

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12
Q

What are the different types of cycling abnormalities?

A

Ovarian hematoma
Persistent CL
Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAF)
Anestrus
Silent Heat
Endometrial cups

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13
Q

What is an ovarian hematoma?

A

Ovulation with excessive hemorrhage
Large hematoma (pain, colic)
Often luteinize, then respond to prostaglandins

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14
Q

What causes a persistent CL?

A

Failure to lyse at the end of diestrus
Continued progesterone production (2-3 months)
Responds well to prostaglandins

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15
Q

What is a hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle?

A

Follicle appears to develop normally, then develops echogenic spots and fails to ovulate

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16
Q

Risk factors for hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle?

A

Uterine inflammation/infection
Prostaglandin usage on day 9-11 (caution)
NSAID usage around the time of ovulation
Use of hCG

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17
Q

What causes uterine pooling?

A

Nerve damage
Aged mares
Poor conformation

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18
Q

Treatment for urine pooling?

A

Uterine lavage
Surgery- pull urethra caudally, imbrication of broad ligament (lifts uterus)

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19
Q

Cervicitis/Vaginitis is often associated with _____

A

Endometritis
Irritation (air, urine)
Infection (bacteria, yeast)

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20
Q

What issue does a persistent hymen cause? Treatment?

A

May block uterine fluid clearance (infertility)
Treatment- manual breakdown or surgery

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21
Q

Lacerations are associated with:

A

Foaling Trauma

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22
Q

Why do we wait 6 weeks to surgically repair rectovaginal fistulas?

A

Allows granulosa tissue to form

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in the mare?

A

Endometritis

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24
Q

What are the normal uterine defense mechanisms?

A

Uterine contractions post mating to clear semen/fluid
Innate immune response at the uterine surface
Elimination of fluid, semen, and infectious organisms by 12-48 hours

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25
Q

Predisposing factors for endometritis?

A

-Age (PPID)
-Degenerative uterine changes (Defense mechanisms, biopsy score)
-Repeated foaling (scarring, ventral displacement of uterus)
-Poor vulvar conformation (repeat exposure)
-Abnormal cervix (age related fibrosis, scarring)

26
Q

Infectious causes of endometritis?

A

Bacteria:
Strep equi zooepidemicus
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumonia
Fungal:
Candida albicans
Aspergillus
Actinomyces fumigatus

27
Q

Non-infectious causes of endometritis?

A

Post-Mating Endometritis (semen, 1-2 days after mating)
Air
Urine

28
Q

Diagnosis of endometritis?

A

History
Ultrasound
Speculum exam
Uterine culture and cytology

29
Q

What kind of history would you find in a horse with endometritis?

A

Vulvar discharge
Infertility
Post-mating fluid

30
Q

Techniques for collecting samples for endometritis?

A

Swab
Brush
Low volume lavage
Biopsy

31
Q

Treatment for endometritis?

A

Correct anatomic defects (Caslick’s/urethral extension)
Uterine lavage (+/- DMSO)
Ecbolic drugs
Uterine infusion products
Biofilm disrupters

32
Q

How soon after breeding should one perform uterine lavage?

A

6 hours (earliest 4)

33
Q

What fluids should we use for uterine lavage?

A

Sterile fluids
Lactated Ringer’s
2-5 Liters until clear

34
Q

What kind of ecbolic drugs do we use for treating endometritis?

A

Oxytocin (short, strong contraction)
Cloprostenol, PGF (weak, prolonged contractions)

35
Q

What are the benefits between systemic and intrauterine antibiotics?

A

Systemic: owner can administer
Intrauterine: Get higher concentrations

36
Q

What are the best antibiotics to use systemically for endometritis?

A

Trimethoprim sulfas (TMS)
Ceftiofur
Enrofloxacin
Gentamicin
Metronidazole
Penicillin

37
Q

What are the most common antibiotics used for intrauterine treatment?

A

Amikacin
Ampicillin
Ceftiofur
Gentamicin
Penicillin
Polymixin
Ticarcillin

38
Q

Prognosis for endometritis?

A

Generally good, but depends on cause and duration

39
Q

What are the characteristics of a mare with endometritis?

A

Very rare
Up to 60L of pus in uterus
No systemic illness
Suspected cervical issue

40
Q

Treatment for mare with pyometra?

A

Drainage
Similar tx to endometritis

41
Q

Prognosis for a mare with pyometra?

A

Can recover, but guarded for fertility

42
Q

Endometrial cysts have a similar appearance on ultrasound to:

A

early embryo
Be sure to record location and size, and mark on cyst map on breeding records

43
Q

How do endometrial cysts cause infertility?

A

Impair maternal recognition of pregnancy
Impair movement of embryo
Impair fluid clearance

44
Q

What is the primary causative agent for contagious equine endometritis? What are the opportunistic pathogens?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis
Opportunists: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pesudomonas aeruginosa, Strep zooepidemicus, E. coli

45
Q

Contagious Equine Metritis is an important veneral disease in horses because it is:

A

Reportable!

46
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis is similar to:

A

Equine Herpes Virus

47
Q

Clinical signs of EVA?

A

Fever
Respiratory disease
Edema
Abortion

48
Q

Equine Coital Exanthema is classified as:

A

Equine Herpes Virus 3 (EHV-3)

49
Q

Clinical signs of Equine Coital Exanthema?

A

Circular nodules on vulvar mucosa and perineal skin
Vesicle, pustules, ulcerations
Very painful

50
Q

Dourine is veneral disease caused by a protozoa called:

A

Trypanasoma equiperidum

51
Q

Clinical signs of Dourine in mares?

A

Mucopurulent vaginal discharge, edematous vulva, polyuria, raised/thickened patches on vaginal mucosa, abortion

52
Q

Clinical signs of Dourine in stallions?

A

Edema of prepuce and glans, mucopurulent discharge, paraphimosis

53
Q

What is the cardinal sign of Dourine?

A

Silver dollar plaques (edematous patches on ribs)

54
Q

Mortality rate of Dourine?

A

High
Reportable disease

55
Q

What percentage of all equine abortions are twins?

A

15-30%

56
Q

What percentage of twin pregnancies will abort?

A

60-80%

57
Q

The percentage of twin foals born alive survive less than:

A

1 week

58
Q

When is the best time to manually reduce a twin pregnancy?

A

Before 16 days (14-15 days ideal), usually will have >90% single live foal

59
Q

Waiting until 17-30 days to manually reduce a twin pregnancy reduces chance of live foal to what percent?

A

75% single live foal

60
Q

Other methods of manual reduction of twin pregnancy?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration (16-45 days)
Cervical dislocation (60-120 days)
Transcutaneous ultrasound guided (110-130+ days)

61
Q

What are the risk factors for twin foals born alive?

A

Difficult labor for mare
Both small size
FPT
Incomplete ossification of carpal and tarsal bones
Varus and Valgus abnormalities

The Next Generation Exam 2 (5 decks)

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