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The Next Generation Exam 2 > Comparative Pregnancy Diagnosis > Flashcards

Comparative Pregnancy Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Goal is 100% accuracy’ reducing false negative and false positives

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2
Q

What are the different options for diagnosing pregnancy?

A

Behavior
Palpation
Ultrasound
Hormonal assays
Ballottement
Raidographs

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3
Q

How do we use behavior as a way to diagnose pregnancy?

A

Animal fails to return to estrus (Ruminants, Equine, Swine, Feline)
Spitting off (Camelids)

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4
Q

What are the pros and cons of using behavior as a way to diagnose pregnancy?

A

Pros:
Observation, non-invasive tool
Cons:
Not reliable for all animals
Need for teaser males
False positives and negatives

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5
Q

In what species can we use trans-rectal palpation (or palpation per rectum)?

A

Bovine, equine

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6
Q

In what species can we use trans-abdominal palpation?

A

Palpation: Canine, feline
Ballottement: Small ruminants, late gestation cattle, camelids

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7
Q

Pros of using palpation for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Cost effective, quick, reasonably early for diagnosis

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8
Q

Cons of using palpation for pregnancy diagnosis

A

Not reliable (skill level and training), user dependent, alone can not determine fetal viability

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9
Q

What are the two ways of using ultrasound/imaging for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Trans-rectal & trans-abdominal

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10
Q

What are the pros of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

High accuracy
Early in gestation
Determine fetal viability
Advanced techniques (fetal sex determination, gestational aging)

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11
Q

Cons of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Need correct machine for small animal vs large animal

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12
Q

Pros of using hormonal assays?

A

Easy, cheap, convenient

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13
Q

Cons of using hormonal assays?

A

No confirmation of viability, false positives (remain positive after parturition or abortion)

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14
Q

What is ballottement?

A

Diagnosing a pregnancy by feeling for the rebound of the fetus after a quick tab on the wall of the uterus

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15
Q

Why is ballottement not the best method for diagnosing pregnancy?

A

Not reliable
Accuracy is user dependent
Not determining fetal viability
Not useful in late gestation

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16
Q

Why are radiographs not the best way of diagnosing pregnancy?

A

Fetus not visible until late in gestation (mineralization)
No determination of fetal viability

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17
Q

Methods for pregnancy determination in bovine:

A

Failure to return to estrus
Palpation per rectum
Ultrasound (transrectal)
Biomarkers/hormonal assays

18
Q

What hormonal assays can you use for bovine pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs)
Progesterone

19
Q

What are pregnancy associated glycoproteins?

A

Pregnancy specific protein B (>28 days)
From the placenta
If bred-back >90 days post-partum

20
Q

Why is progesterone not ideal for screening for diagnosis of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone is not pregnancy specific, it is specific to the luteal phase (will produce if CL present)

21
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in the cow?

A

Membrane slip of chorioallantois (day 35)
Amniotic vesicle (day 35)
Placentomes (day 75)
Fetus (day 65)
2 of 4 have to be present

22
Q

CL size of ___ on day ____ would indicate pregnancy

A

20-25mm diameter; day 20-22

23
Q

What is unique about the equine uterus during pregnancy when palpating per rectum?

A

Uterus position changes during pregnancy

24
Q

What hormonal assays can you run in horses for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Estrone sulfate (>90 days)
Found in serum or urine, produced from the fetal gonads

25
Q

Why do you need to palpate a mare before day 16 of pregnancy?

A

The fetus fixes in the horn at day 16, if twins, harder to manually reduce that pregnancy after they are fixed

26
Q

What are the relative sizes of the follicle of a mare as pregnancy progresses?

A

28 d: golf ball
35 d: Softball
45 d: becomes fluctuant
60 d: football
90 d: basketball

27
Q

What is the leading cause of non-infectious abortion in mares?

A

Twin pregnancy

28
Q

What are the methods of determining pregnancy in small ruminants?

A

Failure to return to estrus
Ultrasound
Ballottement (not as sensitive)

29
Q

Methods for determining pregnancy in camelids?

A

Ultrasound
Ballottement
“Spitting off” behavior (28 d post breeding)

30
Q

When can you ultrasound camelids for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

23 days after mating Alpacas
34 days after mating in Llamas

31
Q

What are the methods for pregnancy diagnosis in pigs?

A

Non-return to estrus (17-24 days, avg 21)
Ultrasound
Hormonal assays (serum estrone sulfate, >30 days gestation)

32
Q

Best time for ultrasound in pigs?

A

18-19 days post breeding (AV)
25-32 days for embryo proper
23 days gestation is typical

33
Q

What is the cardinal sign of pregnancy when doing abdominal palpation in dogs?

A

String of pearls around day 21-28

34
Q

What day on average can you ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in dogs?

A

Day 28 (day 22 onward)

35
Q

Radiographs for dogs for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Day 40-45, much easier by day 50-55 (more calcification)

36
Q

Hormonal test for dogs?

A

Relaxin (placenta origin, >21 days post-ovulation)

37
Q

Failure to return to estrus in feline should occur within how many days?

A

7-14 days

38
Q

What day post ovulation can you ultrasound felines?

A

> 21 days post ovulation/mating (avg 28 days)

39
Q

When should you abdominally palpate a queen for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Day 25-30 (string of pearls)
>50 Days: palpable fetuses

40
Q

When can you radiograph a queen for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Mineralization at >41 days post ovulation
Best during final week of gestation

The Next Generation Exam 2 (5 decks)

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