Distribution Systems Flashcards
What are the objectives of Distribution Systems? 2 points
Explain important factors of physical installations
Given a scenario, use the appropriate tool or protocol to solve networking issues
Cable Distribution Systems, give an overview 2 points
Organized system connecting network backbone to end users via distribution frames
Design should be hierachical for logical and functional placement whithin buildings
Name the first 4 components of Cable Distribution Systems
Demarcation(Abgrenzung) Point:
- Location at which the Internet Service Provider (ISP) connection ends and nw infrastrcture and cabling actually begins
- Marks entrance of WAN into facility
- Responsibility shifts to organization beyond this poind
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
- Primary starting point for interior cabling distirbution
- Houses main point of presence router and backbone switch (Backbone switch connects all nw components)
Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)
- Branches out from MDF to serve smaller areas
- Contains edge switche for local connections
- Cable Trays (A unit or assembly of units form a rigid structural system to securely support the cables ande raceways -Horizontal - installed in drop ceilings or beneath raised floors - Vertical - vertical cross-connect, minimizing vertical cable crossings between floors
Racks
- Hold nw equipment for efficient space management
- Various types: (2-post - for lighter equipment/patch pannels/nw cabling, 4-post - for heavier equipment, Wall-mounted - space saving solution for smaller equipment, Rack enclosures - for high-value equipment
Name the next 2 (5,6) components of Calbe Distribution Systems
Patch Pannels
- Organize and faciliate con within nw interface
- Utilize both sides (Front- network jacks (RJ-45 network ports), Back 110 punchdown block)
-110 Block (A type of punchdown block used for both voice and data application that rely on CAT 5 or newer copper-based nw, Installed using a punchdown tool
- Preferred over direct con for nw maintenance and port protection
Fiber Distribution Panels
-Facilitate fiber connections without punchdown blocks
- Uses SC, LC, ST or MTRJ
What is SC, LC, ST or MTRJ (Distribution Systems)
Fiber optic connectors like SC, LC, ST, and MTRJ are used to terminate the ends of fiber optic cables, ensuring a secure and reliable connection. Here’s a brief overview of each type:
SC (Subscriber Connector): Known for its simple push-pull design, SC connectors are widely used in telecom and datacom applications due to their ease of use and cost-effectiveness1.
LC (Lucent Connector): These are smaller connectors, about half the size of SC connectors, making them ideal for high-density applications like data centers2.
ST (Straight Tip): ST connectors use a bayonet-style locking mechanism and are commonly found in network environments, though they are being gradually replaced by LC and SC connectors1.
MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer-Registered Jack): These duplex connectors are designed for high-density applications and use pins for alignment, making them suitable for both male and female connections?
What is the last Cable Distribution Process (7) ?
Cable Distribution Process:
- Computer connected to wall jack using straight-through patch cable (copper or fiber)
- Wall jack terminates cable into punch down block
- Cable runs rhrough walls, cellings, or raised floor, across cable trays to intermediate distribution frame
- Cable terminated into patch panels punch down block
- Another patch cable connects patch panel to open port on edge switch in intermediate distirbution frame
- For fiber instead of copper, switch, patch panel and wall jack replaced with fiber counterparts
- Process breaks up long cable run into multiple pieces for flexibility and eas of repair
- Troubleshooting and repair faciliated by multiple con points, avoiding full cable reruns for minor issues
What is fox and hound in network in Testing a Network Demonstration (
The Fox and Hound is a tool used for tracing and identifying cables in a network. It consists of two main components:
- Fox (Tone Generator): This device is connected to one end of the cable and generates a tone signal.
- Hound (Probe): This device is used to detect the tone generated by the Fox, helping you locate the other end of the cable.
- This tool is particularly useful for identifying cables in complex wiring setups, such as those running through walls or conduits.
Can find breaks in wire, identify and document nw
Why is a power distribution system important?
Crucial for consistent and reliable power delivery
Name and explain the first 3 power distribution systems
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
- An electrical apparatus provides emergency power during main power failures
- Offers surge protection and line conditioning
- Typically lasts 15 to 30 minutes
- Installed at the bottom of each rack in data centers
- Some data centers use larger UPS system supporting multiple racks or the entire facility
Power Distirbution Unit (PDU)
- A specialized device that distributes electric power to network components and computing equipment
- Advanced power strips with power monitoring and control features
- May be rack-mounted or in large cabinets for rows of servers
- Provides surge protection but not full protection against complete power loss
Generators
- Installed oustide data centers for longer-term power during outages
- Powered by diesel, gasoline, or propane
- Paired with UPS or battery backup for seamless power transition
- Automatic transfer switch shifts power between UPS and generator
Name and explain the last 3 power distribution systems
Power Load Management
- Critical for preventing cicuit overloads and ensuring efficient power usage
- Careful calculation and monitoring of power loads on circuits
- New equipment installations require assessing power impact and balancing loads across data center
Voltage Considerations
- Voltage (Electric potential difference curical in power distribution, US standard - 120 volts, european standard - 230 volts)
- Equipment must match voltage standards to operate properly
- Dual voltage equipment can operat on both standards
- Mismatched voltage can damage or destroy equipment
Key Considerations
- Install UPS, PDU, and backup generator for comperhensive power management
- Ensure seamless power transition and protection against outages for data center reliability
- Consider power loads and voltage requirements before equipment installation
What is Heating, Ventilation, and Air (HVAC) Systems about?
Technology designed for indoor enivronmental comfort that provides temperature control, humidity management, and airflow regulation
Important for hardware and nw devices
Name and explain the first 3 HVACs
Temperature Control
- Curcial for electornic equipment, including computer nw and data centers
- Overheating can lead to hw malfunctions and reduced efficiency
- Maintain a steady temperature for peak efficiency (Typically 68-77°F or 20- 25°C, Check equipment manufacturers recommendations for specific temperature set points
Humidity Levels
- Humidity (Refers to the concentration of water vapor in the air)
- Too much humidity can cause condensation, leading to corrosion or electrical shorts
- Too little humidity can cause static buildup, potentially damaging sensitive electornics
- Maintain relative humidity level of 40-60 %
Airflow Management
- Important for dissipating heat generated by equipment in data centers
- Proper airflow management is curical to prevent overheating or system shutdowns
- Port-side Exchaus and Intake (“Hot/cold aisle” Configuration) (Strategic method of air distribution in which server racks are positioned in alternating rows with cold and hot air, Maximizes cooling efficiency, Reduces energy consumption
Name and explain the last 2 HVACs
Design Considerations
- Plan data center layouts with HVAC factors in mind
- Proper rack spacing and orientation for efficient airflow
- Use raised floor systems to push cold air upward into racks and expel hot air
-Configure ceiling plenums to return cooled air to the data center
Integration of HVAC systems is imperative for uninterrupted operation and optimal performance of nw and data center equipment
Fire Suppression System (first 3 points)
Crucial for data centers
Wet Pipe System
- Most basic type of fire suppression systems
- Involves sprinkler system with pipes always containing water
- Activation occurs when fire alarm triggers valve opening, releasing water
- Common in traditional office buildings but poses risk of water damage to equipment
Pre-action System
- Aim to minimize accidental releases
- Requires both detector actuation (e. g. smoke detector) and sprinkler activation before water release
- Offers enhanced security similar to two-factor authentication for fire system
Fire Suppression System (first 3 points)
Special Suppression System
- Utilitze clean agents like halon, carbon agent, or inert gas
- Displaces oxygen in the room, suffocating fire
- Presents suffocation risk to people (Requires alarms and supplemental oxygen for personnel
Safety Measures
- Install clean agent system to prevent water damage to equipment
- Ensure systems are professionally installed and annually inspected
- Be prepared for potential fire incidents by having suppression sysstems ready for use
While hoping to avoid fire incidents, it’s curcial to have properly installed and maintained fire suppression systems in data centers to mitigate risks effectively
