Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards
Definition of a landscape
Features on the surface of land containing physical, biological, variable and human features
The diffrence between natural and built landscapes
Natural- vegetation, habitats, wildlife
Built- buildings, infrastructure, structures
Where are upland,lowland and glaciated areas located
Upland- north and west eg Scotland
Lowland- east eg the fens
Glaciated- northwest eg mountain peaks
How does geology make a landscape distinctive
Igneous- cooled molten
Sedimentary- fragments of rocks broken by weathering
Metamorphic- distorted rock from heat and pressure
How does climate make a landscape distinctive
Lowland- less precipitation in east
Upland- most precipitation in north
More erosion/weathering in upland areas
How does human activity make a landscape distinctive
Farming changes the vegetation which grows
Increase of population increases need for houses to be built
Infrastructure covers most of uk
Describe the three types of weathering
Biological- rocks broken down by living organisms or a tree root
Mechanical- rocks broken by physical action eg wind or rain
Chemical- chemicals in rain dissolving rock
What are the steps of mass movement
Rain saturates rock making it heavy, waves erode base of cliff, heavy rock above collapses, debris at base transported
Explain the types of erosion
Attrition- rocks bash together
Solution- a chemical reaction which dissolved rocks
Abrasion- rocks grind along seabed
Hydraulic action- water enters crack in cliff, air is compressed causing rock to crack and expand
Explain the types of transportation
Solution- minerals dissolved in water and carried
Suspension- sediment carried in waters flow
Saltation- pebbles bounce along seabed
Traction- boulders roll along sea bed
How is a stack formed
Hydraulic action widens a crack in the cliff
Abrasion forms a wave cut notch it keeps on widening
Caves on both sides of cliff breakthrough forming an arch
Weathering and erosion leave a stack
Further weathering and erosion form a stump
How are bays and headlands formed
Waves attack coastline
Soft rock eroded forming bay where deposition occurs
Resistant rock is left forming a headland
How is a beach with a spit formed
Swash moves up beach due to wind and back down due to gravity
This longshore drift carries material along the beach
Deposition causes the beach to extend forming a spit
How is a waterfall and a gorge formed
River flows eroding soft rock creating a step
Hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool
Hard rock above is undercut which later collapses
Waterfall retreats leaving a gorge
How is a v-shaped valley formed
Water in the mountains flows quickly vertically eroding the rock
Due to hydraulic action a deep notch is cut
The river is now lower leaving the sides of the valley exposed to freeze thaw weathering
Abrasion from the fallen mountain further erodes the river
This creates a v shaped valley in between interlocking spurs
