Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Distal Tubular Disorders > Flashcards

Distal Tubular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Na disorders?

A

Bartters syndrome, Gittlemans, and Liddle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the etiology of Bartter’s syndrome?

A

Mutation in Na, K, 2Cl in TALH

Etiology: (Autosomal Recessive) -Na, K, 2Cl mutation
-ROMK (ATP-dependent) mutation -Cl- mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the etiology of neonatal Bartter’s Syndrome?

A

Polyhydraminous; high PGE2, give COX-I

Volume depletion –> excess fetal urine –> failure to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical findings in Bartter’s syndrome?

A
  1. Sodium wasting disorder
  2. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesiumemia
  3. Hyochloremia, hypokalemia —- metabolic alkalosis
    - –Increased K+ and H+ secretion come from increased luminal negative transiepithelial potential downstream due to increased Na delivery and increased ENaC from aldosterone
  4. High renin and aldosterone because constant volume depletion
  5. Crave pickle juice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the treatment of Bartter’s syndrome?

A

Treatment of Bartter’s Syndrome 1. Potassium supplements

  1. Magnesium supplements
  2. high salt intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes Gittleman’s syndrome?

A

Mutation in thiazide sensitive NCCT in DCT causes Gittleman’s, which is an autosomal recessive sodium wasting disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do patients have more normal growth in Bartter’s or Gittleman’s?

A

Patients have more normal growth compared to Bartter’s because less sodium is wasted with this mutation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the clinical findings in Gittleman’s syndrome?

A
  1. Hypohcloremic, hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis; low magnesium; hypercalcemia (b/c PTH effect), and high renin, aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Liddle’s syndrome?

A

ENaC channel is always open due to Beta/gamma mutations. It’s autosomal dominant, gain of function mutation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical findings in Liddle’s syndrome?

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Mirror image of Pseudohypoaldosternism Type I
    • ↓Renin and ↓Aldosterone
    • ↑Na will ↑Lumen Negative Transepithelial Charge –> ↓K+ retention –>↑Hypokalemia
    • ↑K in lumen will provide substrate to alpha-intercalated K/H+ ATPase –>
    ↑H+ excretion –> Metabolic Alkalosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How would you treat Liddles syndrome?

A

Treat with triamterene or amiloride (K+ Sparing ENaC inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes hypokalemia?

A

Diuretics, Primary or Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes primary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Adrenal tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes Secondary Hyperaldosteronism?

A

Dehydration, pyloric stenosis (barfer’s), Bartter’s/Gittelman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the findings in pyloric stenosis and dehydration?

A

Pyloric stenosis is common in first born males with ↑vomit –> dehydration –>↑aldosterone
↓Urinary chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the findings in Bartter’s/Gittelman?

A

↑Urinary chloride because this is a genetic defect in Cl- transport
This is important for differentiating between secondary causes for hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Glucocorticoid Remediable Aldosteronisum (GRA)?

A

Recombination of aldosterone synthase and 11-Beta-hydroxy-dehydrogenase –> ↑aldosterone in response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the findings in GRA?

A

↓Renin – aldosterone not created by RAAS
↑Na will ↑Lumen Negative Transepithelial Charge –> ↓K+ retention –>↑Hypokalemia
↑K in lumen will provide substrate to alpha-intercalated K/H+ ATPase –>↑H+ excretion –> Metabolic Alkalosis

19
Q

How would you treat GRA?

A

Glucocorticoids

20
Q

What is apparent mineral corticoid excess (AME)?

A

↑Activation of Aldosterone Receptor –> ↑ENaC

  • Enzyme 11-Beta-hydroxy-dehydrogenase 2 exists to prevent glucocorticoids from binding to aldosterone receptors
  • Mutated 11BHD2
  • In cases of excess glucocorticoids (Cushing’s Syndrome), 11-BHD2 is overwhelmed
21
Q

What are the findings in AME?

A

↓Renin and ↓Aldosterone
↑Na will ↑Lumen Negative Transepithelial Charge –> ↓K+ retention –>↑Hypokalemia
↑K in lumen will provide substrate to alpha-intercalated K/H+ ATPase –>↑H+ excretion —-> Metabolic Alkalosis

22
Q

How would you treat AME?

A

Glucocorticoids

23
Q

What are the hyperkalemic disorders?

A

Hypoaldosteronism, Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I and Type II

24
Q

What three diseases fall under the catagory of hypoaldosteronism?

A

Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Autoimmune Disease

25
Q

What is Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia?

A

Addison’s Disease-no aldosterone

26
Q

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A

Disorder of steroid synthesis pathway (21 hydroxylase most common); also could create excess cortisol activation of aldosterone receptor as in Cushing’s syndrome

27
Q

What autoimmune diseases can cause hypoaldosteronism?

A

IDD, Hypothyroidism, and Addison’s Disease

28
Q

What are the findings of hypoaldosteronism?

A

↓Aldosterone and ↓activation of ENaC –> ↓Lumen Negative Transepithelial Charge –> ↑K+ retention, and
hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis

29
Q

What is Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I?

A

Tubular disorder: have aldosterone, but doesn’t work right. OR and AD mutation in mineralocorticoid receptor OR and AR ENaC mutation (loss of function – stuck closed – opp. of Liddle)

30
Q

What are the findings in PHA type I?

A
  • ↑Renin to ↑Na retention
  • Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia (aldosterone dysfunction)
  • Prone to volume depletion( Hypotensive)
31
Q

What is Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type II?

A

“Gordon’s Syndrome” OR “Chloride Shunt Syndrome”
Mutation in WNK 4 (regulator of NCCT) or WNK 1 (regulator of WNK 4) of NCCT

32
Q

What is the mechanism of PHA type II?

A

↑Na reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule.
WIll have less delivery of sodium to the CD, so no extra
excretion of K+. Hyperkalemia

33
Q

What are the findings in PHA type II?

A
  • ↓RAAS b/c increased Na reabsorption
  • Hyperkalemic
  • Hyperchloremic
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Mirror image of Gittelman Syndrome
34
Q

What is the treatment for PHA type II?

A

Thiazide diuretics

35
Q

What is type 1 RTA (aka Classical Distal RTA)

A

Inability of distal tubule to secrete H+
• Associated with nephrolithiasis (stones) and amphotercin
• Failure to thrive
• Hypokalemia – no H+ secretion, no K+ reabsorption

36
Q

What is type 2 RTA?

A

Proximal tubular defect. Inability of PT to resorb HCO3-. It’s associated with Faconi’s Syndrome. Also see hypokalemia and it occurs in rickets, multiple myeloma (bones)

37
Q

What is Type 4 RTA?

A

It’s secondary to hypoaldosteronism

↓Aldosterone –> ↓Na reabsorption –> ↑K+ retention –> hyperkalemia
• Considered a distal tubule issue, but actually has to do with NH3 secretion proximally
• Hyperkalemia –> ↑K+ movement intracellularly –> ↑H+ movement out of cell –> ↑pH intracellular –> ↓NH3 production to restore pH
• ↓NH3 –> ↓NH4 formation

38
Q

Do all RTA types have normal plasma anion gap?

A

Yes

39
Q

What four tests are used to determine between types I, II, and IV?

A
  1. Fractional excretion of bicarb
  2. Urine pH
  3. Urine Anion Gap
  4. U-B PCO2
40
Q

How will you determine type II vs IV using the Fractional Excretion of Bicarb assay?

A
  • ↑HCO3- excretion in Type 2 — ↑FeHCO3 in Type 2
  • Normal HCO3- excretion in Type 1, 4
41
Q

How will the urine pH assay allow you to distinguish between the different types of RTA?

A
  • pH < 5.5 — Type 2 because defect is proximal before acidification
  • pH > 5.5 — Type 1, 4
42
Q

How will the urine Anion Gap (UNa + UK+ - UCl-) assay help you determine if the patient has RTA?

A

Normally: ↑H+ secretion –> ↑NH4+
Because NH4+ is not measured in urine anion gap, an elevated NH4+ will require that Cl- increases to maintain neutrality, thus Cl > Na + K
In RTA: ↓H+ secretion —> no NH4+
Therefore, Na + K > Cl = positive

43
Q

How will the U-B PCO2 assay allow you to differentiate between the types of RTA?

A

Give HCO3- + Acetozolamide
HCO3- cannot be absorbed in PT
In DT/CD it will react with H+ –> H2O + CO2; measure the CO2 Normal in Type 2
Low in Type 1/4 because no H+ to react

44
Q
A

Renal (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions