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genre
Is one of the types or categories into which literary works are divided
Major genres of literature include:
Fiction
Nonfiction
Poetry
Drama
Fiction
Tells an invented or imaginary story
Novel
- Long work of fiction
Short story
- brief works of fiction
- a short story is carefully crafted to develop a plot, characters, setting, mood, and theme, all within relatively few pages
Novella
A short novel or a long short story
Plot
The series of events to a central conflict, or struggle
A plot typically introduces…
A conflict, develops it, and eventually resolves it
A plot contains the following elements
Exposition
Rising actuon
Climax
Falling action
Resolution
Exposition
- Introduction
- sets the tone or mood
- characters and setting
- Provides background info
Rising action
- the conflict is developed and intensified
climax
- crisis
- high point of interest in a literary work
- turning point of the action
- the point in which the rising action ends and the falling action begins
falling action
- consists of all the events that follow the climax
- tensions ease as the conflict begins to be resolved
resolution
- “denouement”
- it is the point at which the central conflict is ended or resolved
- loose ends are tired
characters
- is an individual that takes part in the action of a literary work
- a character is usually a person but also may be a personified plant, animal, object, or imaginary creature
main character
- Is also know as the protagonist
- he or she is the most important character in the work and is in conflict with the antagonist
- plays a significant role in a literary work
minor characters
play lesser roles in a literary work but help support the plot
flat character
shows only one quality, or character trait
round character
shows the multiple character traits of a real person.
round character
shows the multiple character traits of a real person
static character
does not change during the course of the action
dynamic character
changes throughout the story
protagonist
the main character in a literary work
antagonist
character or force in opposition or in conflict with a main character or protagonist
characterization
- the act of creating or describing a character
three techniques of characterization
- Showing that characters say, do, or think
- Showing what characters say or think about them
- Describing what physical feature, dress, and personality the characters display
There are two types of characterization:
a. indirect characterization
b. direct characterization
Indirect characterization
the writers shows what a character is like and allows the reader to judge the character.
direct characterization
the writer tells what the character is like.
setting
- time and place
conflict
also known as crisis, is the struggle between two forces in a literary work
internal conflict
the main character struggles against some elements within himself or herself
◦ character vs. self
external conflict
the main character struggles against an external source
◦ character vs. character
◦ character vs, nature
◦ character vs. society
◦ character vs. technology
pov
- vantage point from which a story is told
- who is telling the story.
first person pov
the story is told from someone who participates in or witnesses the action of the story. This narrator uses the pronouns I, we, me, us, my, mine.
Third person pov
- the narrator stands outside of the action of the story and observes.
- This narrator uses the pronouns he, she, it, they, them, their
Limited point of view:
the narrator only sees into the mind of one character; the thoughts of a single character are revealed.
Omniscient point of view:
the narrator sees into the mind of all characters; the thoughts of all the characters are revealed.
theme
- Central message
Stated theme
theme that is presented directly
implied theme
theme that must be inferred
universal theme
is a message about life that can be understood by people of most cultures
foreshadowing
technique of hinting at events that will occur later in the story
flashback
- interrupts the chronological sequence or flow of a literary work and presents an event that occurred earlier.
- Writers use flashback to provide background information about characters or situations.
symbol
anything that stands for or represent both itself or something else.
conventional symbol
is one with traditional, widely recognized associations
