Disorders of the Genito-urinary system - Background: Reproductive hormones Flashcards
Lipid-Soluble hormones
Steroid hormones
- Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens (Adrenal cortex)
- Calcitrol (Kidneys)
- Testosterone (Testes)
- Estrogens & progesterone (Ovaries)
Thyroid hormones
- T3 and T4 (triiodothyronine & thyroxine) (Thyroid gland - follicular cells)
Gas
- Nitric Oxide (NO) (Endothelial cells lining blood vessels)
Water-Soluble
Amines
- Epinephrine & norepinephrine (catecholamines) (Adrenal medulla)
- Melatonin (Pineal gland)
- Histamine (Mast cells in connective tissues)
- Serotonin (Platelets in blood)
- Hypothalmic releasiors & inhibitors (Hypothalamus)
- Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone ADH (Poterior pituary)
- Human growth, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, prolactin, mlanocyte-stimulating hormone (Anterior pituary)
- Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (Pancrease)
- Parathyroid hormone (Parathyroid glands)
- Calcitonin (Thyroid gland)
- Gastrin, secretin (enteroendocrine cells)
- Erythropoietin (Kidneys)
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Lipid soluble hormones vs Water soluble hormones:
How do they alter cell activity?
Lipid soluble hormones:
- Hormone difuses into cell from capillary
- Activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression (nucleus)
- Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes (cytoplasm)
- New proteins alter cell’s activity
Water soluble hormones:
- First messenger: binding of hormone to its receptor G protein → activates adenylate cyclase
- Activated adenylate cyclase: ATM → cAMP
- cAMP serves as 2nd mesenger → activates protein kinases
- Activated protein kinases phophorylare cellular proteins
- Millions of phosporylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
Anterior Pituary Hormones
hGH / somatotropin: Targets Liver
- Stimulates liver, muscle, bone & other tissues → Growth factors
- increases glucose levels
TSH / thyrotropin: Targets Thyroid gland
- Synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones
FSH / Follicle-stimulating hormone: Ovaries/Testes
- F: development of oocytes & secretion of estrogen
- M: produces sperm
LH / Luteinizing hormone: Ovaries/Testes
- F: estrogens, progesterone, ovulation
- F: formation of corpus leteum
- M: testosterone
Prolactin (PRL): Mammary glands
- promotes milk secretion
Adrenocortocotropic hormone (ACTH) / corticotropin: Adrenal cortex
- glucocortisoids (cortisol)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): Brain
- body processing
- causes darkening of skin if excessive
Posterior Pituary Hormones
Oxytocin (OT): Uterus & mammary glands
- contraction of smooth muscle during birth
- contractions of myoepitherlial cells in mammary glands → milk ejection
- Secreted by hypothalamus in response to nipple stimulation & uterine distention
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin: Kidneys, sweat glands (sudoriferous), arteriols
- Conserves body h2O
- Decreases urine vol
- decreases perspiration
- raises blood temp → constricting arteriols
Adrenal CORTEX Gland Hormones
MIneralocorticoids (aldosterone): from zona glomerulosa cells
- increase Na+ & H2O
- decrease K+
Glucocoticoids (cortisol): from zona fasciulata cells
- increase protein breakdown
- stimulate gluconeogenesis & lipolysis
- resistance to stress
- dampen inflammation
- depress immune response
Androgens (DHEA): from zona reticularis cells
- growth of axillary & pubes
- F: libido & estrogens after menopause
Adrenal MEDULLA hormones
Epinepherine & norepinepherine from chromaffin cells
- Enhances sypathetic divisio of autonimic nervous system (ANS) during stress
- ACH released by preganglionic neurons stimulate secretion
Ovarian Hormones
Estrogens & Progesterones:
- reproductive cycle
- oogenesis
- maintaon pregnancy
- prepare for lactation
Relaxin
- increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy
- dilates uterine cervix
Inhibin
- inhibits FSH from ant.pitu.
Testicular Hormones
Testosterone:
- descent of testes before birth
- spermatogenesis
Inhibin:
- Inhibits secretion of FSH from ant.pitu.
Gastrointestinal tract hormones
Gastrin
- Secretion of gastric juice
- increases stomache movements
Glucose-dependant insuliotropic peptide (GIP):
- insulin
Secretin:
- pancreatic juice
- bile
Cholecytokinin (CCK):
- pancreatic juice
- bile
- fullness feeling
Placental Hormones
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- production of estrongens
- progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Estrogens & progesterones
- maintain & prepare pregnance
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
- stimulates development of mammary glands/lactation
KIdney hormones
Renin
- raises BP
- vasoconstriction
- secretion of aldosterone
Erythropoietin:
- increases RBC formation
Calcitrol (Active Vit.D):
- absorption of Ca & Phosphorus
Heart Hormones
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):
- Decreases BP
Adipose tissue hormone
Leptin:
- Supress appetite
- increase FSH & LH
