Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Question 1

Benign ovarian cysts (common)

Answer 1

*unilateral
*produced when follicles are stimulated but no dominant follicle develops and reaches maturity
Complication: Torsion of the ovary> medical emergency must be surgically treated

Question 2

Follicular Cysts

Answer 2

Dominant follicle fails to rupture, or one or more of the nondominant follicles fail to regress.
T: oral contraceptives

Question 3

Corpus Luteum Cysts

Answer 3

Are formed by the granulosa cells left behind after ovulation.
Can cause hemorrhage
T: oral contraceptives

Question 4

Dermoid Cysts

Answer 4

Growths may contain mature tissue, including skin, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, muscle fibers, cartilage, and bone
T: Should be carefully evaluated for removal; they have a malignant potential

Question 5

Primary Dysmenorrhea: 50% of adolescents

Answer 5

Painful mens associated with PROSTAGLANDIN RELEASE in ovulatory cycles
-Treatment
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), regular exercise and stress reduction, heat, acupuncture
High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); thiamine and vitamin E; herbs

Question 6

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Answer 6

Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathologic condition at any time in the menstrual cycle; occurring later in life

-Treatment
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), regular exercise and stress reduction, heat, acupuncture
High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); thiamine and vitamin E; herbs

Question 7

Primary amenorrhea

Answer 7

Failure of menarche & the absence of menstruation by 13 years of age without the development of secondary sex characteristics or by 15 years of age, regardless of the presence or absence of secondary sex characteristics

Question 8

Primary amenorrhea: Classifications (Compartment 1 to 4)

Answer 8

Compartment I: Disorders of the outflow tract or uterine target organ
Compartment II: Disorders of an ovary
Compartment III: Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
Compartment IV: Disorders of central nervous system (CNS) or hypothalamic factors

Question 9

Primary amenorrhea: Treatment

Answer 9

Correction of any underlying disorders

Hormonal replacement therapy

Question 10

Secondary amenorrhea

Answer 10

Absence of menstruation for a time equivalent to three or more cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated

Question 11

Secondary amenorrhea: Causes

Answer 11

Pregnancy (most common cause)
Anovulation
Dramatic weight loss
Malnutrition or excessive exercise
Hypothyroidism
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Common during early adolescence, perimenopause, and lactation

Question 12

Secondary amenorrhea: continues

Answer 12

Anovulation: Lack of ovulation
Hyperprolactinemia: Overproduction of prolactin by the pituitary gland

Question 13

Secondary amenorrhea: clinical manifestations & treatment

Answer 13

Infertility, vasomotor flushes, vaginal atrophy, acne, osteopenia (low bone density), hirsutism (hair like male)

t: Replace deficient hormones (estrogens, thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, gonadotropins)
Correct underlying pathologic condition

Question 14

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Menstrual irregularity & dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Answer 14

Menstrual irregularity 
 Anovulatory cycles 
 Other: Tumors, polyps, cysts
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 
 Heavy or irregular bleeding without disease
 Perimenopause

Question 15

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: clinical manifestations & treatments

Answer 15

Irregular (metrorrhagia) and excessive (menorrhagia) bleeding or both (menometrorrhagia)

T: NSAIDs
Oral contraceptive pills that contain both estrogen and progesterone

Question 16

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 16

Is an acute inflammation caused by infection.
May involve any organ of the upper reproductive tract.
Salpingitis: Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
Oophoritis: Inflammation of the ovaries
Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract.

Question 17

Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID): clinical manifestations

Answer 17

Sudden, severe abdominal pain with fever or no symptoms at all

Question 18

Pelvic Inflammatory disease: evaluation

Answer 18

Sexually active women who have abdominal or pelvic tenderness and one of the following signs:
Cervical motion tenderness
Uterine tenderness
Adnexal tenderness

Question 19

PID: treatment & complications

Answer 19

-Treatment
Antibiotics
Treat sexual partners
-Complications
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancies