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Patho Week Year 4 > Disorders Of The Digestive System And Accessory Organs Of Digestion Week 7 > Flashcards

Disorders Of The Digestive System And Accessory Organs Of Digestion Week 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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2
Q

Disorders of the accessory organs of digestion includes;

A

Inflammatory disease
Obstruction of ducts
Tumors

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3
Q

There are two classifications of intestinal obstructions, these are

A

Simple obstruction and functional obstruction

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4
Q

What is a simple obstruction?

A

It is an condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the small or large intestine lumen

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5
Q

Functional obstruction is also called?

A

Paralytic ileus or pseudo obstruction

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6
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A

Failure of motility especially post surgery

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of intestinal obstructions?

A
  1. Herniation
  2. Adhesion
  3. Volvulus
  4. Intussusception
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8
Q

Consequences of intestinal obstruction

A

Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Hypokalemia
Inflammation

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9
Q

What are clinical manifestations of small intestinal obstruction

A

Colicky pains, Intestinal distension, nausea and vomiting

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10
Q

Clinical manifestations of large intestine obstruction

A

Hypogastric pain and abdominal distension

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11
Q

The kind of vomitus can help us know where exactly there is a blockage

A

Green(bike stained fluid) - proximal small intestine
Clear gastric fluid - pylorus

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12
Q

Treatment for intestinal obstructions

A

Replacement of fluid and electrolyte
Gastric and intestinal suction
Laparoscopic procedures for adhesions

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13
Q

What gets inflamed in appendicitis?

A

The vermiform appendix

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14
Q

What are some possible causes of appendicitis?

A

Obstruction, ischemia, increased intraluminal pressure, infection, inflammation

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15
Q

Clinical manifestations of appendicitis include;

A

Epigastric and periumbilical pain, rebound tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fever, anorexia

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16
Q

Complications of appendicitis include

A

Perforation, peritonitis, abscess formation

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17
Q

Treatments for appendicitis include;

A

Antibiotics and appendectomy

18
Q

What is it pancreatitis?

A

It is the inflammation of the pancreas

19
Q

Complications of acute pancreatitis

A

Inflammation
• Activation of leukocytes and complement, injury to vessel walls, and coagulation abnormalities
• Causes vasodilation, hypotension, shock
• Paralytic ileus
• From release of toxic fluid into peritoneum
• GI bleeding
• Peritonitis or sepsis
• From translocation of intestinal bacteria to bloodstream
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Recurrent inflammation activates pancreatic stellate cells, which transdifferentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts, causing pancreatic fibrosis, strictures, and duct obstruction

20
Q

Treatment for acute pancreatitis

A

Narcotics, NSAIDS, acetaminophen, nasogastric suctioning, IV fluids

21
Q

Crystalloids promote urine output

A

Colloids rapidly expand plasma volume

22
Q

Colloids are important in treating

A

Hypovolemic shock, burns, hemorrhage, and surgery

23
Q

Types of colloid solutions are

A

Albumin, dextran, plasma protein fraction and hetastarch

24
Q

What is Cholelithiasis?

A

It is gallstone formation in bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol

25
Q

2 pigmented stones can form in the gall bladder

A

Black and brown

26
Q

Black gallbladder stones indicate

A

Chronic liver disease and hemolytic disease
Composer of calcium bilirubinate with mucin glycoproteins

27
Q

Brown stones are associated with?

A

Infection of bile ducts
Formation of stone composed of calcium soaps, unconjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, fatty acids and mucin

28
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of gallstones?

A

Epigastric and right hypochondrium pain
Intolerance to fatty foods
Biliary colic
Jaundice
Abdominal tenderness and fever

29
Q

The proffered treatment for gallstones include;

A

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

30
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

31
Q

Clinical manifestations of cholecystitis include;

A

Fever, leukocytes, rebound tenderness, abdominal muscle guarding

32
Q

Treatments of cholecystitis

A

Pain control - NSAIDS
Replacement of fluids and electrolytes
Fasting
Antibiotic administration
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

33
Q

What are some NSAIDS and antibiotics used to treat cholecystitis?

A

Ibuprofen
Ketorolac

And Cetotaxime, metronidazole

34
Q

What is intussuception?

A

Invagination of one part of the intestine into another.

35
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of intussusception?

A

Abdominal pain
Infants irritability (colicky), flexes knees
Vomiting occurs soon after pain begins
Currant jelly stools
Appear dark and gelatinous because of blood or mucus content

36
Q

Treatments of intussusception

A

Enema reduction
If not successful surgery

37
Q

What is Necrotizing enterocolitis?

A

Ischemic, inflammatory condition
• Causes bowel necrosis and perforation

38
Q

Clinical manifestations of NEC

A

Feeding intolerance, abdominal distention and bloody stools after 8-10 days of age, septicemia with elevated white blood cell count, falling platelet levels, unstable temperature, bradycardia, apnea

39
Q

Treatments of NEC

A

Cessation of feeding formula milk
• Gastric suction: To decompress intestines
• Maintenance of fluid and electrolves
• Administration of antibiotics: To control sepsis
• Surgical resection

40
Q

What is Biliary atresia?

A

Rare congenital malformation characterized by absence or obstruction of extrahepatic bile duct

41
Q

Primary clinical manifestation of Biliary atresia

A

Jaundice

42
Q

Treatment of biliary atresia

A

Liver transplantation
Surgical drainage and correction
Kasai portoenterostomy

Patho Week Year 4 (4 decks)

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