Disorders Of The Digestive System And Accessory Organs Of Digestion Week 7 Flashcards
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Disorders of the accessory organs of digestion includes;
Inflammatory disease
Obstruction of ducts
Tumors
There are two classifications of intestinal obstructions, these are
Simple obstruction and functional obstruction
What is a simple obstruction?
It is an condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the small or large intestine lumen
Functional obstruction is also called?
Paralytic ileus or pseudo obstruction
What is a paralytic ileus?
Failure of motility especially post surgery
What are the 4 types of intestinal obstructions?
- Herniation
- Adhesion
- Volvulus
- Intussusception
Consequences of intestinal obstruction
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Hypokalemia
Inflammation
What are clinical manifestations of small intestinal obstruction
Colicky pains, Intestinal distension, nausea and vomiting
Clinical manifestations of large intestine obstruction
Hypogastric pain and abdominal distension
The kind of vomitus can help us know where exactly there is a blockage
Green(bike stained fluid) - proximal small intestine
Clear gastric fluid - pylorus
Treatment for intestinal obstructions
Replacement of fluid and electrolyte
Gastric and intestinal suction
Laparoscopic procedures for adhesions
What gets inflamed in appendicitis?
The vermiform appendix
What are some possible causes of appendicitis?
Obstruction, ischemia, increased intraluminal pressure, infection, inflammation
Clinical manifestations of appendicitis include;
Epigastric and periumbilical pain, rebound tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fever, anorexia
Complications of appendicitis include
Perforation, peritonitis, abscess formation
Treatments for appendicitis include;
Antibiotics and appendectomy
What is it pancreatitis?
It is the inflammation of the pancreas
Complications of acute pancreatitis
Inflammation
• Activation of leukocytes and complement, injury to vessel walls, and coagulation abnormalities
• Causes vasodilation, hypotension, shock
• Paralytic ileus
• From release of toxic fluid into peritoneum
• GI bleeding
• Peritonitis or sepsis
• From translocation of intestinal bacteria to bloodstream
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Recurrent inflammation activates pancreatic stellate cells, which transdifferentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts, causing pancreatic fibrosis, strictures, and duct obstruction
Treatment for acute pancreatitis
Narcotics, NSAIDS, acetaminophen, nasogastric suctioning, IV fluids
Crystalloids promote urine output
Colloids rapidly expand plasma volume
Colloids are important in treating
Hypovolemic shock, burns, hemorrhage, and surgery
Types of colloid solutions are
Albumin, dextran, plasma protein fraction and hetastarch
What is Cholelithiasis?
It is gallstone formation in bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol
2 pigmented stones can form in the gall bladder
Black and brown
Black gallbladder stones indicate
Chronic liver disease and hemolytic disease
Composer of calcium bilirubinate with mucin glycoproteins
Brown stones are associated with?
Infection of bile ducts
Formation of stone composed of calcium soaps, unconjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, fatty acids and mucin
What are some clinical manifestations of gallstones?
Epigastric and right hypochondrium pain
Intolerance to fatty foods
Biliary colic
Jaundice
Abdominal tenderness and fever
The proffered treatment for gallstones include;
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Clinical manifestations of cholecystitis include;
Fever, leukocytes, rebound tenderness, abdominal muscle guarding
Treatments of cholecystitis
Pain control - NSAIDS
Replacement of fluids and electrolytes
Fasting
Antibiotic administration
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
What are some NSAIDS and antibiotics used to treat cholecystitis?
Ibuprofen
Ketorolac
And Cetotaxime, metronidazole
What is intussuception?
Invagination of one part of the intestine into another.
What are some clinical manifestations of intussusception?
Abdominal pain
Infants irritability (colicky), flexes knees
Vomiting occurs soon after pain begins
Currant jelly stools
Appear dark and gelatinous because of blood or mucus content
Treatments of intussusception
Enema reduction
If not successful surgery
What is Necrotizing enterocolitis?
Ischemic, inflammatory condition
• Causes bowel necrosis and perforation
Clinical manifestations of NEC
Feeding intolerance, abdominal distention and bloody stools after 8-10 days of age, septicemia with elevated white blood cell count, falling platelet levels, unstable temperature, bradycardia, apnea
Treatments of NEC
Cessation of feeding formula milk
• Gastric suction: To decompress intestines
• Maintenance of fluid and electrolves
• Administration of antibiotics: To control sepsis
• Surgical resection
What is Biliary atresia?
Rare congenital malformation characterized by absence or obstruction of extrahepatic bile duct
Primary clinical manifestation of Biliary atresia
Jaundice
Treatment of biliary atresia
Liver transplantation
Surgical drainage and correction
Kasai portoenterostomy
