Alterations Of Pulmonary function Week 6 Flashcards
The ability for a disease to spread from person to person is called?
Communicability
The ability for a disease to produce an immune response is called…..?
Immunogenicity
The ability for a disease causing organism to invade and multiply in a host is called….?
Infectivity
When microorganisms damages host tissues it is called…?
Mechanism of action
A microorganisms ability to produce disease is called…?
Pathogenicity
The path or route microorganisms take to infect a host is called?
Portal of entry
A microorganisms ability to produce toxins is called?
Toxigenicity
What is virulence?
An organisms capacity or power to cause severe disease
The estimated number of organisms or virus particles required to produce infection in 50% of a population is called?
ID50
What is an endemic?
Diseases with relatively high but constant rates of infection in a population. Eg, malaria (Occurs within an area or community)
What is an epidemic?
A disease occurring widely in a community at a particular time. Eg, Flu
What is a pandemic?
A disease that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide.
SARS-CoV-2 stands for?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2
How did the name coronavirus come about?
It comes from the Virus’s distinctive spikes on the surface that makes it look like a solar corona
What are the 7 stages of infection of a host cell?
- Recognition and attachment of virus to host cell wall
- Penetration into the host cell by fusion or endocytosis
- Uncoating of viral genome within cell cytoplasm
- Replication of viral genome using host or viral transcriptase and polymerase
- Translation with viral structural protein synthesis in host cell endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
- Assembly of virus
- Release of virus by budding or exocytosis, or by lysis of host cell.
Covid is transmitted via?
Aerosol means
What are some of the common symptoms of Covid-19?
A. Fever
B. Cough
C. Shortness of breath
D. Myalgias
E. Fatigue
F. Loss of smell and taste
What is the average incubation period for Covid-19?
Approximately 6 days
What systems can Covid-19 affect and why?
A. Cardiac - heart failure, palpitations, SOB, chest pain
B. Neurologic - stroke, encephalitis, loss of smell and taste, confusion, memory loss, brain fog, anxiety and depression
C. Endocrine
D. Hepatic
E. Renal
Long Covid and it’s impact
Refer to WhatsApp page.
Laboratory Findings for a positive Covid-19 test include;
- Decreased lymphocytes
- Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and D-dimer
- Bilateral lung infiltrates on CT
How does mRNA vaccines help with combatting Covid-19?
mRNA vaccines use host cells’ own translation machinery to make harmless pieces of viral spike proteins that elicits immune response to the virus.
What 2 monoclonal antibody medications given as a prophylactic measure for Covid 19?
A. Tixagevimab
B. Cilgavimab
What are some adverse effects of tixagevimab and cilgavimab?
- Injection site reaction
- Anaphylaxis
- Hypersensitivity
Mechanism of action for Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab?
It attaches to the receptor-binding portion of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein and blocks the virus’ interaction with the human ACE 2 receptor required for viral fusion with the host cell.
What medications are given to individuals with confirmed Covid diagnoses?
- Nirmatrelvil
- Ritonavir
What are some adverse effects of nirmatrelvil and rotanavir? These 2 stop the virus from multiplying
- Hypertension
- Severe allergic reaction
Rarely stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and liver problems
What is ARDS?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo capillary injury.
ARDS and PARDS can cause what?
Pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, pulmonary compliance, progressive respiratory distress
What are the 3 stages of ARDS?
- Exudate
- Proliferative
- Fibrotic
The exudate stage happens in 72 hours, what happens?
- Alveolocapillary membrane damage, increased
- Increased capillary permeability
- Pulmonary edema
- Surfactant production is reduced
The proliferative stage takes 4 to 21 days what happens here?
- Resolution of pulmonary edema
- Proliferation of type II pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts begins
- Infra-alveolar exudate becomes cellular granulation tissue
- Appears as hyaline membranes that form diffusion barrier for oxygen exchange
The fibrotic stages is from 14 to 21 days
A. Fibrosis obliterates alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, interstitium
B. Long term respiratory compromise
Clinical Manifestations of ARDS
.Gas exchange inadequate
• Dyspnea and hypoxemia (tachypnea, tachycardia)
• Poor response to 02 supplementation
• Initial hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
• Decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, and organ dysfunction
• Increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, and hypoventilation
• Hypercapnia (PaCO2 is ≥50 mmHg), respiratory acidosis, and worsening hypoxemia
• pH is <7.25
• Pa02 is <50 mmHg
• Respiratory failure, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), death
What are 3 major criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS?
1.onset within 1 week of known clinical insult or new worsening respiratory symptoms
2. Bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusion, lobar/lung collapse or nodules on the chest x-ray or CT
3. Respiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid to exclude hydrostatic edema if no ARDS risk factor is present
What are some ways of managing ARDS
- Mechanical ventilation with PEEP and high oxygen concentrations
- Prophylactic immunotherapy
- Antibodies against endotoxins
- Antioxidants
- Surfactant replacement
- Nitric oxide inhalation
- Inhibition of various inflammatory mediators
- Gene therapy
- Stem cells
Viral croup results in….?
Subglottic inflammation and edema from infection
Manifestations of viral croup
Rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, barking cough, hoarse voice, and inspiratoria stridor
A young child with severe stridor usually displays?
Deep retractions, agitation, tachycardia and sometimes cyanosis or pallor
Treatments for viral croup
Most cases
• No treatment
• Glucocorticoids, either injected or oral (dexamethasone) or nebulized (budesonide)
• Severe cases
• Nebulized epinephrine
• Oxygen
Westley croup score does what?
Estimates the severity of croup
What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?
RSV
Clinical manifestations of bronchiolotis
Significant rhinorrhea, tight, dry cough
Systemic signs of decreased appetite, lethargy, fever
Increased respiratory distress, wheezing, tachypnea, chest retractions
Some infants present with apnea and other conjunctivitis and otitis media
Prevention and treatment of bronchiolitis
RSV specific monoclonal antibody (palivizumab)
What are some risk factors for pneumonia?
Age younger than 2 years
Overcrowded living conditions
Winter Season
Recent antibiotic treatment
Daycare attendance
Passive smoke Exposure
Why are bands(baby neutrophils) consistently higher in bacterial versus viral infections?
Because mature neutrophils are killed off from the immune system in a bacterial infection because they are exhausted leaving the new ones(bands)
What are some meds for pneumonia?
Azithromycin - skin reactions and hepatotoxicity
Amoxicillin
Penicillin
