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Patho Week Year 4 > Alterations Of Pulmonary function Week 6 > Flashcards

Alterations Of Pulmonary function Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability for a disease to spread from person to person is called?

A

Communicability

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2
Q

The ability for a disease to produce an immune response is called…..?

A

Immunogenicity

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3
Q

The ability for a disease causing organism to invade and multiply in a host is called….?

A

Infectivity

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4
Q

When microorganisms damages host tissues it is called…?

A

Mechanism of action

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5
Q

A microorganisms ability to produce disease is called…?

A

Pathogenicity

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6
Q

The path or route microorganisms take to infect a host is called?

A

Portal of entry

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7
Q

A microorganisms ability to produce toxins is called?

A

Toxigenicity

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8
Q

What is virulence?

A

An organisms capacity or power to cause severe disease

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9
Q

The estimated number of organisms or virus particles required to produce infection in 50% of a population is called?

A

ID50

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10
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Diseases with relatively high but constant rates of infection in a population. Eg, malaria (Occurs within an area or community)

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11
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A disease occurring widely in a community at a particular time. Eg, Flu

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12
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A disease that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide.

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13
Q

SARS-CoV-2 stands for?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2

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14
Q

How did the name coronavirus come about?

A

It comes from the Virus’s distinctive spikes on the surface that makes it look like a solar corona

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15
Q

What are the 7 stages of infection of a host cell?

A
  1. Recognition and attachment of virus to host cell wall
  2. Penetration into the host cell by fusion or endocytosis
  3. Uncoating of viral genome within cell cytoplasm
  4. Replication of viral genome using host or viral transcriptase and polymerase
  5. Translation with viral structural protein synthesis in host cell endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  6. Assembly of virus
  7. Release of virus by budding or exocytosis, or by lysis of host cell.
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16
Q

Covid is transmitted via?

A

Aerosol means

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17
Q

What are some of the common symptoms of Covid-19?

A

A. Fever
B. Cough
C. Shortness of breath
D. Myalgias
E. Fatigue
F. Loss of smell and taste

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18
Q

What is the average incubation period for Covid-19?

A

Approximately 6 days

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19
Q

What systems can Covid-19 affect and why?

A

A. Cardiac - heart failure, palpitations, SOB, chest pain
B. Neurologic - stroke, encephalitis, loss of smell and taste, confusion, memory loss, brain fog, anxiety and depression
C. Endocrine
D. Hepatic
E. Renal

20
Q

Long Covid and it’s impact

A

Refer to WhatsApp page.

21
Q

Laboratory Findings for a positive Covid-19 test include;

A
  1. Decreased lymphocytes
  2. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and D-dimer
  3. Bilateral lung infiltrates on CT
22
Q

How does mRNA vaccines help with combatting Covid-19?

A

mRNA vaccines use host cells’ own translation machinery to make harmless pieces of viral spike proteins that elicits immune response to the virus.

23
Q

What 2 monoclonal antibody medications given as a prophylactic measure for Covid 19?

A

A. Tixagevimab
B. Cilgavimab

24
Q

What are some adverse effects of tixagevimab and cilgavimab?

A
  1. Injection site reaction
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Hypersensitivity
25
Q

Mechanism of action for Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab?

A

It attaches to the receptor-binding portion of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein and blocks the virus’ interaction with the human ACE 2 receptor required for viral fusion with the host cell.

26
Q

What medications are given to individuals with confirmed Covid diagnoses?

A
  1. Nirmatrelvil
  2. Ritonavir
27
Q

What are some adverse effects of nirmatrelvil and rotanavir? These 2 stop the virus from multiplying

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Severe allergic reaction
    Rarely stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and liver problems
28
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo capillary injury.

29
Q

ARDS and PARDS can cause what?

A

Pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, pulmonary compliance, progressive respiratory distress

30
Q

What are the 3 stages of ARDS?

A
  1. Exudate
  2. Proliferative
  3. Fibrotic
31
Q

The exudate stage happens in 72 hours, what happens?

A
  1. Alveolocapillary membrane damage, increased
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Pulmonary edema
  4. Surfactant production is reduced
32
Q

The proliferative stage takes 4 to 21 days what happens here?

A
  1. Resolution of pulmonary edema
  2. Proliferation of type II pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts begins
  3. Infra-alveolar exudate becomes cellular granulation tissue
  4. Appears as hyaline membranes that form diffusion barrier for oxygen exchange
33
Q

The fibrotic stages is from 14 to 21 days

A

A. Fibrosis obliterates alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, interstitium
B. Long term respiratory compromise

34
Q

Clinical Manifestations of ARDS

A

.Gas exchange inadequate
• Dyspnea and hypoxemia (tachypnea, tachycardia)
• Poor response to 02 supplementation
• Initial hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis
• Decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, and organ dysfunction
• Increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, and hypoventilation
• Hypercapnia (PaCO2 is ≥50 mmHg), respiratory acidosis, and worsening hypoxemia
• pH is <7.25
• Pa02 is <50 mmHg
• Respiratory failure, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), death

35
Q

What are 3 major criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS?

A

1.onset within 1 week of known clinical insult or new worsening respiratory symptoms
2. Bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusion, lobar/lung collapse or nodules on the chest x-ray or CT
3. Respiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid to exclude hydrostatic edema if no ARDS risk factor is present

36
Q

What are some ways of managing ARDS

A
  1. Mechanical ventilation with PEEP and high oxygen concentrations
  2. Prophylactic immunotherapy
  3. Antibodies against endotoxins
  4. Antioxidants
  5. Surfactant replacement
  6. Nitric oxide inhalation
  7. Inhibition of various inflammatory mediators
  8. Gene therapy
  9. Stem cells
37
Q

Viral croup results in….?

A

Subglottic inflammation and edema from infection

38
Q

Manifestations of viral croup

A

Rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, barking cough, hoarse voice, and inspiratoria stridor

39
Q

A young child with severe stridor usually displays?

A

Deep retractions, agitation, tachycardia and sometimes cyanosis or pallor

40
Q

Treatments for viral croup

A

Most cases
• No treatment
• Glucocorticoids, either injected or oral (dexamethasone) or nebulized (budesonide)
• Severe cases
• Nebulized epinephrine
• Oxygen

41
Q

Westley croup score does what?

A

Estimates the severity of croup

42
Q

What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

43
Q

Clinical manifestations of bronchiolotis

A

Significant rhinorrhea, tight, dry cough
Systemic signs of decreased appetite, lethargy, fever
Increased respiratory distress, wheezing, tachypnea, chest retractions
Some infants present with apnea and other conjunctivitis and otitis media

44
Q

Prevention and treatment of bronchiolitis

A

RSV specific monoclonal antibody (palivizumab)

45
Q

What are some risk factors for pneumonia?

A

Age younger than 2 years
Overcrowded living conditions
Winter Season
Recent antibiotic treatment
Daycare attendance
Passive smoke Exposure

46
Q

Why are bands(baby neutrophils) consistently higher in bacterial versus viral infections?

A

Because mature neutrophils are killed off from the immune system in a bacterial infection because they are exhausted leaving the new ones(bands)

47
Q

What are some meds for pneumonia?

A

Azithromycin - skin reactions and hepatotoxicity

Amoxicillin
Penicillin

Patho Week Year 4 (4 decks)

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