Disorders Of Bladder & Urethera Flashcards
What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?
Infection within the urinary system caused by a bacteria, virus, or fungus.
(Bacteria is the most common, especially E. Coli)
What are the risk factors for UTIs?
Most common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the rectum, indwelling catheters, overuse of antibiotics, hormone changes (pregnancy), diabetes mellitus, and environmental factors (e.g., feminine products, detergents, soaps).
How do UTIs typically progress?
UTIs typically start in the lower tract and move upwards into the upper tract.
What are common signs and symptoms of a UTI?
Pain/burning on urination (dysuria), costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, foul-smelling urine, chills & fever, headache/malaise, frequency & urgency, and nocturia.
What atypical symptoms may elderly patients show in a UTI?
Change in mental status/confusion, lethargy, new incontinence, and WBCs & RBCs in the urine.
What are some prevention tips for UTIs?
Wipe from front to back, wear loose cotton underwear, void after intercourse, avoid bubble baths, perfumes, or sprays, complete the entire course of antibiotics, and remove catheters promptly (per HCP orders).
What are the types of infections related to the urinary tract?
Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys), ureteritis (infection of the ureter), cystitis (infection of the bladder), and urethritis (infection of the urethra).
What lifestyle changes can help during an active UTI?
Avoid caffeine & alcohol, and increase oral intake of water (2-3 L per day) to help flush out the urinary tract.
What should be done before administering antibiotics for a UTI?
Collect urine culture before giving the first dose of antibiotics.
What medications are commonly used for UTIs?
Antibiotics and analgesics to manage pain, such as Phenazopyridine (Pyridium).
-May turn urine orange
What is a side effect of Phenazopyridine?
May turn urine orange.
What are calcified stones found in the urinary tract or kidney called?
Renal calculi
What is nephrolithiasis?
Stones found in the kidney
What is ureterolithiasis?
Stones found in the ureter
What are bladder calculi?
Stones found in the bladder
What is uric acid?
A waste product of the breakdown of purines
What is the most common type of renal calculi?
Calcium stones
What causes uric acid stones?
Excess uric acid in the urine (acidic urine)
What are some causes of calcium stone formation?
Dehydration, hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, hyperparathyroidism, intake of sodium, gastrointestinal disorders, intake of calcium supplements with vitamin D
What are some causes of uric acid stone formation?
Gout, foods high in purine or animal proteins, dehydration, metabolic issues (diabetes)
What are the signs and symptoms of renal calculi?
Flank or abdominal pain, hematuria, pyuria, nausea & vomiting, fever
What are some diagnostic tests for renal calculi?
KUB X-ray, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), ultrasound or CT scan, urine test
What is the most common treatment for renal calculi?
Strain the urine and pass the stone on its own
What should be done with any stones passed?
Keep any stones & send them to the lab for evaluation
What are some treatment recommendations for renal calculi?
Ambulate & reposition the patient frequently, increase fluid intake, diet modifications to limit protein, sodium & calcium
What medications are used for renal calculi?
NSAIDs for pain & inflammation, opioid analgesics
What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?
A noninvasive procedure that sends shock waves to break up the stone
What is percutaneous nephrolithotomy?
An invasive procedure that removes the stone through an incision made on the back
What is ureteral stent placement?
An invasive procedure where a stent is inserted to allow urine and/or stones to pass from the bladder to the ureters
What causes struvite stones?
Bacteria that causes ammonia-rich urine and an alkaline environment
What causes cystine stones?
Excess cystine in the urine due to a rare genetic disorder affecting renal absorption of cystine
What are some risk factors for struvite stones?
Chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs), foreign bodies, neurogenic bladder
