Disorders Of Attention

Question 1

What is anosodiaphoria?

Answer 1

Indifference to illness or disability

Question 2

What is directional akinesia?

Answer 2

Impairments in directional motor programming

Question 3

What is hypokinesia?

Answer 3

Motor impersistence

Question 4

What did Heilman and Valenstein (1979) propose about neglect syndrome?

Answer 4

That neglect syndrome is a deficit in the orienteering response

Question 5

What did Kinsbourne (1987) propose about neglect syndrome?

Answer 5

They framed neglect as an imbalance in hemispheric neural structures, biasing attention

Question 6

What did Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978) demonstrate?

Answer 6

That patients with left neglect omitted left handed details of a familiar location

Question 7

What did Bisiach et Al (1979) demonstrate?

Answer 7

Left neglect omitted left-sided details from static shape regardless of horizontal movement

Question 8

What is anosognosia?

Answer 8

Denial of symptoms

Question 9

What does the spotlight metaphor of attention propose?

Answer 9

> Highlight a particular location
Move attention from location to location
Zoom in, zoom out
Not necessarily locus of eye fixation

Question 10

What are the limitations of the spotlight metaphor?

Answer 10

We can attend to 2 non-adjacent locations

Question 11

What are the benefits of the spotlight metaphor?

Answer 11

> Highlights limited capacity of spatial attention

> Emphasis on spatial characteristics

Question 12

What are the hemispherical specialisations wrt spatial processing?

Answer 12

> Left - processes the right side

> Right - processes left side and some right

Question 13

What makes up neglect syndrome?

Answer 13

> Unilateral neglect
Extinction
Balint’s syndrome (dorsal simultagnosia)

Question 14

What are the symptoms of Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 14

> Gaze apraxia
Optic apraxia
Visual simultagnosia

Question 15

What is gaze apraxia?

Answer 15

The inability to voluntarily move gaze within the visual field

Question 16

What is optic apraxia?

Answer 16

An impairment in visually guided movement

Question 17

What is visual simultagnosia?

Answer 17

The inability to take in the entirety of a picture

Question 18

What evidence is there that those with Balint’s syndrome can’t view images holistically?

Answer 18

> Studies with disaster images
Can only see one object in overlaps
Can tell line length difference if joined, can’t if not
Can group multiple objects by colour

Question 19

What is unilateral neglect?

Answer 19

The failure to report, respond or orient to stimuli present contralateral to the site of the brain lesion

Question 20

What is the aetiology of neglect?

Answer 20

> Stroke related neural damage

> Right hemispherical damage more likely to cause enduring neglect

Question 21

What is neglect typically comorbid with?

Answer 21

> Anosognosia (symptom denial)

> Anosodiaphora (indifference to condition)

Question 22

What evidence is there for anosognosia?

Answer 22

> Bisiatch (1988)

> Ramachandran (1996)

Question 23

What did Bisiatch (1988) find?

Answer 23

Anosognosia in left side paralysis patients

Question 24

What did Ramachandran find?

Answer 24

Anosognosia can extend to denying the symptoms of others

Question 25

What are the clinical tests for neglect?

Answer 25

> Cancellation task > Line bisection task > Copying task > Free-drawing task

Question 26

What is the leftwards spatial bias task?

Answer 26

Two bars graded white to black, one left to right, the other right to left. Healthy controls say black at left is darker, neglect patients say right

Question 27

What is extinction?

Answer 27

The ability to identify a single stimuli presented to the left or right side, but have difficulty when two are presented simultaneously

Question 28

What did Desimone and Duncan (1995) propose?

Answer 28

Different perceptual representations compete for attention, causes problems wrt extinction

Question 29

What did Farah (1990) propose?

Answer 29

Balint's syndrome is a type of double neglect

Question 30

What are the features of Balint's = Double neglect?

Answer 30

> Neglect usually right parietal damage, left space neglect > Balint's is neglect on both side, but can see an object > Do not neglect portions of objects

Question 31

What are the theoretical explanations for symptoms of neglect?

Answer 31

> Deficit of primary sensory input > Disorder of visuo-spatial attentional system > Disorder of mental representation of space

Question 32

What evidence is there that neglect is not a primary sensory deficit?

Answer 32

Hemianopia patients do not show neglect and will redirect attention to their left side

Question 33

What is the evidence for the attentional orienteering account of neglect?

Answer 33

> Failure to shift attention | > Automatically orient attention to the right

Question 34

What are the stages of involved in shifting attention?

Answer 34

> Disengagement of attention > Movement and shifting of attention > Engagement of attention

Question 35

What are the features of object based neglect?

Answer 35

> Neglect acts on each individual object in the visual field | > Neglect on left side of the object's axis

Question 36

What are the different spatial frames of reference?

Answer 36

> Personal space > Peri-personal space > Extra-personal space

Question 37

What are typical symptoms of personal neglect?

Answer 37

> Failure to shave or groom on the left side > Failure to adjust glasses on the left > Failure to notice position of left limbs

Question 38

What did Berti and Frassinetti (2000) find?

Answer 38

That peri-personal space can be extended with use of tools (such as pointer sticks)

Question 39

What evidence is there that neglect is a disorder of mental representations of space?

Answer 39

Neglect can manifest in mental representations as well as the visual field. This is usually a double dissociation

Question 40

What did Bisiatch and Luzzati (1978) suggest?

Answer 40

> Neglect inhibits ability to form mental representations | > Neglect in a result of attentional processes

Question 41

What are the features of neglect?

Answer 41

> Failure to react or respond to contralesional information > Not a deficit of visual processing > Attentional deficit > Can effect perception, memory and imagery > Can be object or space based

Question 42

What did Halligan and Marshall (1988) find?

Answer 42

> Neglect > Consciously unaware of left side > Subconsciously aware

Question 43

Who demonstrated that patients with neglect can be influence by information on their left side, though not consciously aware of that?

Answer 43

Halligan and Marshall (1988)

Question 44

What are the limitations of Halligan and Marshall (1988)?

Answer 44

> Always tested the same group | > Replication produced inconclusive results

Question 45

What did McGlinchey-Berroth et al (1993) find?

Answer 45

> Priming study > Neglect > Priming present on both contralateral and ipsilateral sides > When asked to make conscious judgements, only ipsilateral priming

Question 46

What are the overall limitations of neglect research?

Answer 46

> Significant individual differences > Several discrete subtypes associated with a variety of lesions > Neglect measures lack reliability > Lesions not precise or identical