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Cognitive And affective neuroscience > Disorders Of Attention > Flashcards

Disorders Of Attention Flashcards

1
Q

What is anosodiaphoria?

A

Indifference to illness or disability

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2
Q

What is directional akinesia?

A

Impairments in directional motor programming

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3
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Motor impersistence

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4
Q

What did Heilman and Valenstein (1979) propose about neglect syndrome?

A

That neglect syndrome is a deficit in the orienteering response

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5
Q

What did Kinsbourne (1987) propose about neglect syndrome?

A

They framed neglect as an imbalance in hemispheric neural structures, biasing attention

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6
Q

What did Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978) demonstrate?

A

That patients with left neglect omitted left handed details of a familiar location

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7
Q

What did Bisiach et Al (1979) demonstrate?

A

Left neglect omitted left-sided details from static shape regardless of horizontal movement

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8
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

Denial of symptoms

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9
Q

What does the spotlight metaphor of attention propose?

A

> Highlight a particular location
Move attention from location to location
Zoom in, zoom out
Not necessarily locus of eye fixation

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the spotlight metaphor?

A

We can attend to 2 non-adjacent locations

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11
Q

What are the benefits of the spotlight metaphor?

A

> Highlights limited capacity of spatial attention

> Emphasis on spatial characteristics

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12
Q

What are the hemispherical specialisations wrt spatial processing?

A

> Left - processes the right side

> Right - processes left side and some right

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13
Q

What makes up neglect syndrome?

A

> Unilateral neglect
Extinction
Balint’s syndrome (dorsal simultagnosia)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Balint’s syndrome?

A

> Gaze apraxia
Optic apraxia
Visual simultagnosia

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15
Q

What is gaze apraxia?

A

The inability to voluntarily move gaze within the visual field

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16
Q

What is optic apraxia?

A

An impairment in visually guided movement

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17
Q

What is visual simultagnosia?

A

The inability to take in the entirety of a picture

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18
Q

What evidence is there that those with Balint’s syndrome can’t view images holistically?

A

> Studies with disaster images
Can only see one object in overlaps
Can tell line length difference if joined, can’t if not
Can group multiple objects by colour

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19
Q

What is unilateral neglect?

A

The failure to report, respond or orient to stimuli present contralateral to the site of the brain lesion

20
Q

What is the aetiology of neglect?

A

> Stroke related neural damage

> Right hemispherical damage more likely to cause enduring neglect

21
Q

What is neglect typically comorbid with?

A

> Anosognosia (symptom denial)

> Anosodiaphora (indifference to condition)

22
Q

What evidence is there for anosognosia?

A

> Bisiatch (1988)

> Ramachandran (1996)

23
Q

What did Bisiatch (1988) find?

A

Anosognosia in left side paralysis patients

24
Q

What did Ramachandran find?

A

Anosognosia can extend to denying the symptoms of others

25
Q

What are the clinical tests for neglect?

A

> Cancellation task
Line bisection task
Copying task
Free-drawing task

26
Q

What is the leftwards spatial bias task?

A

Two bars graded white to black, one left to right, the other right to left. Healthy controls say black at left is darker, neglect patients say right

27
Q

What is extinction?

A

The ability to identify a single stimuli presented to the left or right side, but have difficulty when two are presented simultaneously

28
Q

What did Desimone and Duncan (1995) propose?

A

Different perceptual representations compete for attention, causes problems wrt extinction

29
Q

What did Farah (1990) propose?

A

Balint’s syndrome is a type of double neglect

30
Q

What are the features of Balint’s = Double neglect?

A

> Neglect usually right parietal damage, left space neglect
Balint’s is neglect on both side, but can see an object
Do not neglect portions of objects

31
Q

What are the theoretical explanations for symptoms of neglect?

A

> Deficit of primary sensory input
Disorder of visuo-spatial attentional system
Disorder of mental representation of space

32
Q

What evidence is there that neglect is not a primary sensory deficit?

A

Hemianopia patients do not show neglect and will redirect attention to their left side

33
Q

What is the evidence for the attentional orienteering account of neglect?

A

> Failure to shift attention

> Automatically orient attention to the right

34
Q

What are the stages of involved in shifting attention?

A

> Disengagement of attention
Movement and shifting of attention
Engagement of attention

35
Q

What are the features of object based neglect?

A

> Neglect acts on each individual object in the visual field

> Neglect on left side of the object’s axis

36
Q

What are the different spatial frames of reference?

A

> Personal space
Peri-personal space
Extra-personal space

37
Q

What are typical symptoms of personal neglect?

A

> Failure to shave or groom on the left side
Failure to adjust glasses on the left
Failure to notice position of left limbs

38
Q

What did Berti and Frassinetti (2000) find?

A

That peri-personal space can be extended with use of tools (such as pointer sticks)

39
Q

What evidence is there that neglect is a disorder of mental representations of space?

A

Neglect can manifest in mental representations as well as the visual field. This is usually a double dissociation

40
Q

What did Bisiatch and Luzzati (1978) suggest?

A

> Neglect inhibits ability to form mental representations

> Neglect in a result of attentional processes

41
Q

What are the features of neglect?

A

> Failure to react or respond to contralesional information
Not a deficit of visual processing
Attentional deficit
Can effect perception, memory and imagery
Can be object or space based

42
Q

What did Halligan and Marshall (1988) find?

A

> Neglect
Consciously unaware of left side
Subconsciously aware

43
Q

Who demonstrated that patients with neglect can be influence by information on their left side, though not consciously aware of that?

A

Halligan and Marshall (1988)

44
Q

What are the limitations of Halligan and Marshall (1988)?

A

> Always tested the same group

> Replication produced inconclusive results

45
Q

What did McGlinchey-Berroth et al (1993) find?

A

> Priming study
Neglect
Priming present on both contralateral and ipsilateral sides
When asked to make conscious judgements, only ipsilateral priming

46
Q

What are the overall limitations of neglect research?

A

> Significant individual differences
Several discrete subtypes associated with a variety of lesions
Neglect measures lack reliability
Lesions not precise or identical

Cognitive And affective neuroscience (9 decks)

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