Diseases of the lungs in dogs and cats Flashcards
Diagnostic imaging
X-ray - LL, VD, DV. Look for bronchial, interstitial, alveolar and nodular pattern. May see bronchitis, edema, pneumonia, hemorrhage, granuloma.
Ultrasound: FNA or thoracocentesis
CT: neoplasia, abscess, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis
Bronchoscopy: direct visualization (edema, inflam, FB, ulcer, tumor)
BAL for cyto, bacto etc.
Diseases of the small airways
Canine chronic bronchitis, bronichiestasis, feline lower air way disease, feline asthma, airway FB, bronchial neoplasia
CS: daily cough for more than 2 months. Productive or non-productive. Exercise intolerance, tracheal sensitivity, inspiratory crackles, expiratory wheezes, prolonged expiration with push at end, increased vagal tone +/- sinus arrythmia. Bronchoscopy: hyperemic mucous memb, mucoid or purulent secretions, fibrous nodules on mucosa
Canine chronic bronchitis (cause unknown, but most likely smoke)
Inflammation -> fibrosis and mucous production -> further airway inflammation
Treatment canine chronic bronchitis
Controlled but can never be cured.
Anti-inflammatories: Prednisolone
Bronchodilators: terbutaline, theophylline
Antitussive (if inflammation is treated, if not mucous can be trapped): Codeine
Antibiotic (if BAL and microbiology is +): doxycycline for mycoplasma.
Adjuntive treatment: clean areas, harness instead of collar
History of chronic productive cough, loud bronchial sounds, +/- nasal discharge, hemoptysis (coughing blood)
Bronchiectasis (irreversible dilation of large airways, bronchi, with accumulation of pulmonary secretions). Cocker spaniel. Response to long standing inflammation (CCB)
Treatment brochiectasis
Lobectomy (if lobar bronchiectasis). Antibiotic based on culture, bronchodilators (terbutaline, theophylline), NOT COUGH SUPPRESSANT (antitussive)
Chronic cough, paroxysmal, dry “hacking” cough, open mouth breathing, prolonged expiration
Feline Asthma/feline bronchial disease.
Acute or chronic cough, dry + unproductive. Cyanosis and recurrent airway infection that partially responds to AB
Airway foreign body (due to laryngeal paralysis, dental procedures, plant, food or teeth)
Coughing, obstructive breathing pattern (loud respiration). Harsh wheezing sound on auscultation
Bronchial neoplasia. Treatment: lobectomy.
Bacteria causing bacterial pneumonia
e.coli, klebsiella, bordatella, pasturella, mycoplasma and pseudomonas
Lethargy Fever Dyspnea Acute or chronic cough Exercise intolerance Mucopurulent nasal discharge Hemolysis Increased lung sounds and crackles or wheezes
Bacterial pneumonia
Hematology: Increased WBC
Radiography: Diffuse or focal alveolar pattern, bronchiectasis, megaespohagus, mass
Bacterial pneumonia
Treatment bacterial pneumonia
AB based on culture
Bronchodilator (theophylline)
Lobectomy in case of focal pneumonia or abscess
Saline nebulization
Virus causing bronchopneumonia
- Morbillivirus (distemper)
- Canine influenza + parainfluenza virus
- Canine+feline Herpes virus
- Canine resp. coronavirus
- Feline coronavirus (FIP)
- Calcivirus (Fe)
Mucopurulent oculo-nasal discharge Fever Lethargy 50% neurological signs Thickened skin on paw pad and nose
Distemper (morbillivirus).
Pathogenesis: exposure + inhal. -> replication in macrophages + tonsils -> viremia -> several tissues (lung, bowel, skin, CNS) -> bronchopneumonia, enteritis, encephalitis, hard pad nose
Treatment Canine distemper infection
AB
Bronchodilators (theophylline)
Fluid
If seizure: diazepam, phenobarbital
Cough Tachypnea Acute onset of respiratory distress Fever Lethargy Shock Cats: wheezes (bronchospasms)
Aspiration pneumonia (aspiration of food, fluid or gastric content resulting in pulmonary inflammation)
Causes of aspiration pneumonia
Megaesophagus
Laryngeal and pharyngeal dysfunction
Anasthesia
Neuromuscular disease
Nasal discharge (mucopurulent or serous
Crackling sounds
Increased lung sounds (or normal auscultation)
History of: coughing, gagging, dyspnea, lethargy and anorexia
Blood test: eosinophilia
Bronchoscopy: green-yellow mucous, mucosal thickening
Eosinophilic bronchopneumonia (= inflammatory disease of unknown etiology - hypersensitivity to an environment or endogenous antigen)
Dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing
Auscultation: crackles heard on inspiration and end-expiration (dorsocaudal lung fields), heart: +/- murmur, arrythmia, tachycardia. Murmur without sinus tachycardia (-> pulmonary disease)
Pulmonary edema
Causes of pulmonary edema
- Left sided heart failure (incr. vascular hydrostatic pressure)
- Vasculitits, ARDS (incr. vascular permability)
- Hypoalbuminemia (decr. plasma oncotic pressure)
- Upper airway obstruction (decr. transpulmonary pressure)
Treatment eosinophilic bronchopneumonia
Glucocorticoids + allergy/hyposensitivity testing
Treatment pulmonary edema
Diuretics (furosemide), oxygen therapy, sedatives (acepromazine)
Singed hair, smell of smoke, loss of consciousness, upper airway stridor (laryngeal edema), ocular and nasal discharge. Some patients only show signs after 24 hours: ARDS, infection, laryngeal edema
Smoke inhalation (=direct injury to airways from heat, particulate matter and toxic gases)
