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Musculoskeletal > Diseases of the equine foot > Flashcards

Diseases of the equine foot Flashcards

1
Q

What regions are blocked with a palmar digital nerve block in a horse

A

-Heel region
-Bars, frog, sole
-Distal DDFT
-Navicular bursa
-Collateral cartilage
-Palmar coffin joint
-Wings of the coffin bone
-Laminar corium
-Digital cushion
-Palmar skin
+/- pastern region

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of equine lameness

A

-Poor foot care

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3
Q

What causes foot bruising in the horse

A

-Trauma from excessive work on hard ground, poorly fitting shoe, treading on hard object

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4
Q

How do you diagnose and treat hoof bruising in horses

A

-Acute lameness, hoof testers, sole paring revealing visible bruise
-Treat via sole paring, poultice, shoe and pad

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of acute, 3 legged lameness in the horse

A

Hoof abscess

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6
Q

What are some possible causes of hoof abscess in horses

A

-Bruise (abnormal loading)
-Penetrating injury/infection
-Nail binding/prick
-Hoof wall crack
-White line (laminitis, keratoma)

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs and treatment of hoof abscess in horses

A

Clin signs: severe sudden lameness, increased digital pulses, coronary band swelling, gas on X-ray
Treatment: pare out, open abscess, soak and wet bandage, tetanus protection, NSAIDS

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of hoof wall cracks in a horse

A

-Grass cracks: split in hoof wall vertically and originating from the groun surface
-Horizontal cracks: parallel to coronary band, caused by injury to coronary band
-Sand cracks: fracture of hoof all, vertical cracks originating at coronary band, caused by uneven stress to hoof capsule, trauma, repetitive concussive stress

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9
Q

What causes thrush in horses

A

-Secondary bacterial infection (Fusobacterium necrophorum)
-causes a moist exudative dermatitis of the sulci of the foot, more common in hind limbs

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10
Q

What are predisposing factors of thrush in horses

A

-Poor hygiene, moist conditions, feces/urine
-Long heels and deep sulci
-Shoes with full pads

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11
Q

How is thrush diagnosed and treated in horses

A

Diagnosis: lameness usually absent or mild but can be severe if dermis involved, foul odor, pain on palpation, moist sulci and black discharge
Treatment: deride necrotic tissue, get rid of moisture/bacteria, topical antiseptics, hoof cleaning and trimming, no antibiotics

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12
Q

What is canker in the horse

A

Proliferative foul smelling infection usually starting in the frog and spreading to adjacent sole/hoof wall, cauliflower like growth more common in hind feet, can cause progressive destruction of foot if untreated

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13
Q

How to treat canker in the horse

A

Debridement to fresh bleeding tissue, clean, no antibiotics

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14
Q

What is navicular bone disease in the horse and what are predisposing factors

A

-Chronic, progressive condition of the navicular bone , often bilateral and occurring at 6-12 years old, front limb
-Predisposing factors: low heels, small feet, hereditary, incorrect trimming/shoeing, exercise on hard surface

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15
Q

What is navicular syndrome in horses

A

-Different types of lesions bundled together including: DDFT injury, adhesions of DDFT, impair desmitis, navicular suspensory desmitis, navicular bursitis, navicular bone pathology (osseous cyst like lesions, flexor cortex erosion, bone marrow edema)

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16
Q

How is navicular disease in the horse treated

A

-Medical: box rest/exercise regimen, NSAIDs, corticosteroids locally bursa or coffin joint), corrective shoeing (fix toe to facilitate break over), Hyaluronic acid/glycosaminoglycans
-Surgical: Neurectomy (clipping nerve that is causing pain)

17
Q

What regions in the horse limb does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block affect

A

-Entire foot
-P3
-P2
-Much of P1
-Coffin joint
-Pastern joint
-Distal sesamoidean ligaments
-Dorsal branch of the suspensory ligament
-Distal DDFT and SDFT
-Extensor tendon insertion
-+/- sesamoids
-+/- palmar fetlock joint

18
Q

What is the etiology, diagnostic method, and treatment of P3 fractures in the horse

A

-Etiology: trauma, overloading (more often front limbs b/c of weightbearing)
-Diagnosis: lameness exam and xrays (45 degree DP and obliques)
-Treatment: stall rest, rim shoe, hoof cast, osteosynthesis/lag screw, walking cast, potentially neurectomy to resolve remaining lameness if year+ and still painful

19
Q

What is pedal osteitis in the horse

A

Focal or generalized loss of solar bone margins and widening of the vascular channels as a result of a known (septic) or unknown (aseptic) cause
***Know: no medullary cavity therefore osteitis NOT osteomyelitis, no periost therefore osteitis NOT periostitis

20
Q

What is the difference in treatment for primary (aseptic) vs secondary (septic) pedal osteitis in the horse

A

-Primary: orthopedic shoeing, NSAIDs, rest, treat primary cause (ABs not warranted)
-Secondary (due to abscess or wound): antibiotics, debridement, tetanus

21
Q

What is a solar penetration injury in a horse and what structures could be potentially involved

A

-Foreign object catch in frog, solar margin of pedal bone has curvature, object bends and slides against curve, could slide into synovial structures
-DIP joint, navicular bursa, DDFT sheath

22
Q

What is the treatment for solar penetration injury in the horse

A

-Pull object and determine injury
-Assess risk to synovial structures
-If no synovial involvement: treat as nail prick
-If synovial involvement: referral: broad spectrum ABs, NSAIDs, lavage, arthroscopy, curette involved bone if septic osteitis develops

23
Q

What is a keratoma in the horse and how is it treated

A

-Keratin containing mass that is benign and locally expansive, originates from inner layer of epidermal hoof wall more often in the front limbs
-Treatment is complete surgical excision (only if clinical symptoms present)

24
Q

What are sidebones in horses, and what is the etiology, clinical implications, and treatment

A

-Ossification of the collateral cartilages of the foot
-Etiology: aging, working on hard surfaces
-Clinical implications: Irish horse board approval, loss of flexibility of cartilages, lameness possible
-Treatment: rare! corrective shoeing or surgical excision if lameness

25
Q

What is quittor in the horse, what are the clinical findings, and what is the treatment

A

-Necrosis/infection of collateral cartilages due to wound to area
-Clinical findings: variable lameness, draining tracts, inflammation, radiographic findings
-Treatment: AB solely likely unsuccessful, surgical excision

26
Q

What predisposes a horse to low ringbone (Coffin joint) osteoarthritis and what is the treatment

A

-Work on hard surfaces, draft horses
-Rest, exercise regimen, NSAIDs, local treatment, ortho shoeing

27
Q

What predisposes a horse to high ringbone (pastern joint) osteoarthritis and what is the treatment

A

-Upright conformation, quick turns
-arthrodesis if lameness remains

28
Q

What are the indications and prognosis of pastern joint arthrodesis in the horse

A

-Indications: severe OA, pastern luxation/sublux, comminuted P2+/- P1 fractures
-Prognosis:67% forelimb, 80% hindlimb

29
Q

What is the definition of laminitis and founder in the horse

A

-Laminits: inflammation of the laminae
-Founder: movement of the 3rd phalanx within the hoof capsule (consequence of laminitis)

30
Q

What are mechanical, systemic, toxic, and hormonal causes of laminitis in the horse

A

-Mechanical: non-weight bearing lameness, overloading
-Systemic/shock: GI diseases, metritis, infection, inflammation, acute blood loss
-Toxic/drug: corticosteroids, black walnut exposure
-Hormonal: cushings disease (PPID)

31
Q

What are the different phases of laminitis in the horse

A

1) developmental: precedes clinical signs by 24-72 hours, inflammation phase, no loosening or rotation yet
2) acute: begins with onset of clinical signs
3) chronic

32
Q

What is the typical lameness seen with laminitis in the horse

A

-Severity varies
-Both front limbs most frequently effected
-Typical stance with weight toward back legs
-Weight shifting
-Reluctance to pick up one foot
-Reluctance to walk or turn
-General discomfort due to pain
-Increased digital pulses

33
Q

What are the Obel grades for laminitis lameness in the horse

A

1) shifting weight, stilted gait at trot
2) stilted gait at walk, lifts feet ok
3) reluctant to walk or pick up feet
4) refuses to move

34
Q

What clinical findings would you expect to find on laminitis exam in a horse

A

-Acute: sensitive to hoof testers, increased temperature
-Acute to chronic: bulging sole, oozing of serum and clefting at coronary band
-Chronic: hoof wall rings, elf slipper

35
Q

What are radiographic signs of chronic laminitis in the horse

A

1) rotation of distal phalanx (points down in front)
2) sinking of distal phalanx
3) separation of white line
4) osteitis/reaction of distal phalanx

36
Q

What is the treatment of the developmental phase of laminitis in the horse

A

-Treat primary problem accurately
-Preventative measures: icing creates vasoconstriction to reduce triggering factors (MMPs)
-Support for feet
-Diet

37
Q

What is the treatment of the acute phase of laminitis in the horse

A

1) improve tissue perfusion: acetylpromazine, heparin, asperine, fluid therapy, ideally primary problem gone
2) Decrease pain: NSAIDs, morphine
3) Decrease inflammation:MMP inhibition, NSAIDs
4) Decrease loading, pull deep flexor and pressure toe region, stall rest, wet bandages with padding, sole support with foam pads or wet sand bedding/deep bedding to lay down in, ortho shoeing and shortening toe, heel wedge

38
Q

What is the treatment of the chronic phase of laminitis in the horse

A

-Pain meds as needed
-Preventative measures (diet, weight management)
-Corrective hoof trimming
-Ortho shoeing: open toe/reverse shoe, heart bar shoe, equine digit support system

39
Q

What are the surgical intervention options for laminitis in the horse

A

-DDFT Tenotomy
-Hoof wall thinning
-Hoof wall resection (partial or complete)
-External fixation

Musculoskeletal (14 decks)

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