Diseases Of The cVS Flashcards
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
All organisms are made of microscopic units called cells. A cell, is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Every cell of an organism performs certain functions such as nutrition, transport, excretion and reproduction.
To perform these functions, the cell needs energy. That’s when the process of respiration sets in.
The transport of the air breathe in to all parts of the body and into each cell, and thus helping break down food is termed respiration.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is divided into two: upper and lower respiratory systems.
Upper respiratory system consist of the nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box)
The lower respiratory tract consist of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
•The lungs(organs for gaseous exchange) are divided into sections or lobes.
•The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung, which has two lobes.
•The lungs are separated by the mediastinum. This area contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes.
•The trachea, which begins at the edge of the larynx, divides into two bronchi and continues into the lungs
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles, which branch in the lungs forming passageways for air.
The terminal parts of the bronchi are the alveoli. The alveoli are the functional units of the lungs and they form the site of gaseous exchange.
What are the functions of the respiratory system
What are the Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen
Physiology of the Respiratory System
Clears the body from excess water and heat
Filters inspired air
Control blood pH
Produce sound
Primary function is to obtain oxygen for use by body’s cells & eliminate carbon dioxide that cells produce.
Breathing
Respiratory Events (Gas Exchange)
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) consists of two cyclic phases:
•Inhalation, also called inspiration – draws gases into the lungs
•Exhalation, also called expiration – forces gases out of the lungs.
•Pulmonary ventilation = exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere
•External respiration = exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
•Internal respiration = exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen
Although PO2 is the most important factor that determines the percent O2 saturation of hemoglobin.
The following four factors affect the affinity of hemoglobin for O2:
1.Acidity (pH).
2.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
3.Temperature.
4.2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
What are the two main defense mechanisms by the respiratory tract
Explain them each
There are two main defense mechanisms by the respiratory tract
•Innate Immune Response
•Adaptive Immune Response
Innate Immune Response
It involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering the lungs. It includes;
•Nasopharyngeal filtering action
•Mucociliary action of the upper respiratory airways
•Cough reflex
•Phagocytosing alveolar macrophages
•Phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils
Adaptive Immune Response
Also known as the acquired immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systematic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
It includes;
•Opsonization by complement (C3b) in the alternative pathway for enhanced phagocytosis
•IgA blocks attachment microbial attachment to URT epithelium
•Serum IgG & IgM activate C3b more efficiently in the classical pathway
•T cell involvement in intracellular pathogens
What causes cough
Productive cough is a cardinal feature of chronic bronchitis
Cough
•Cough is caused by mechanical or chemical stimulation of cough receptors in the epithelium of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm.
•Smokers have a morning cough with a little sputum. A productive cough is the cardinal feature of chronic bronchitis, while dry coughing, particularly at night, can be a symptom of asthma
•bovine cough- normal explosive character of the cough is lost when a vocal cord is paralyzed gives rise to prolonged, low-pitched, cough accompanied by hoarseness ( lung cancer)
•Cough can occur without any definable pathology
Yellow or green sputum is due to?
White is due to?
Black is due to?
Blood stained is due to?
Brown is due to?
Sputum
•Approximately 100 mL of mucus is produced daily in a healthy.
•Sputum volume- Large volumes are found in bronchiectasis, lung abscess. Smaller volumes may be found in chronic bronchitis
•Yellow or green sputum: is due to the presence of cellular material, including bronchial epithelial cells, or neutrophil or eosinophil. It is a sign that your body is fighting infection. This can be due to pneumonia, sinusitis and bronchitis.
•Hemoptysis (blood-stained sputum) or red, pink sputum: This presents as a bloody stained sputum or bloody mucus from the respiratory system. Cause by COPD, bronchial carcinoma, tuberculosis, pulmonary infarction and pulmonary oedema
•Brown or rusty sputum: This presents as a brown-like sputum that can a be as a result of intense chronic inflammation. Caused cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, bacterial bronchitis, and lung abscess.
Sputum bronchiectasis, bacterial bronchitis, and lung abscess.
Black phlegm: Seeing black phlegm may mean you have inhaled a high amount of something black, like coal dust. It may also mean you have a fungal infection that needs medical attention. Caused be pneumoconiosis, fungal infection and smoking
White phlegm: they are thicker and comes with a feeling
of congestion. It may also be associated with fever. Caused by viral bronchitis, common cold.
Pleuritic chest pains are due to?
Shoulder tip pain suggests?
Tracheitis produces what kind of chest pain?
What is Tietzes syndrome
Breathlessness
•Dyspnoea- a sense of awareness of increased respiratory effort.
•Orthopnoea- breathlessness on lying down,( COPD, as well as in heart disease)
•Tachypnoea- increased rate of breathing
•Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea is acute episodes of breathlessness at night
•wake from their sleep by breathlessness with chest tightness and wheeze- Asthma
•Wheezing- results from airflow limitation due to any cause
•Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD and tumor
Chest pain
•Chest pain is a frequent manifestation of both cardiac and respiratory disease
•Pleuritic chest pains- sharp stabling pain worsened by movement such as breathing or coughing pain (Inflammation of the pleura, pulmonary infection or infarction)
•Shoulder tip pain suggests irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura.
•Tracheitis produces raw upper retrosternal pain
•Central chest pain-heart disease, tumors affecting the mediastinum, oesophageal disease
•Pain and swelling over the sterno-costal junction is called Tietze’s syndrome.
