Diseases Of Retina Flashcards
Layers of retina (inner to outer)
Inner limiting Nerve fibre layer (optic Nerve) Ganglion cell Inner plexiform Inner nuclear Outer plexiform Outer nuclear Outer limiting Rods+cones Pigment epithelium (Melanin)
Function of pigment layer in retina
Metabolic support to neurosensory retina
Acts as antireflective layer
Functions of interphotore eptor matrix (IPM)
B/w pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina
Retinal attachment Retinal Adhesion Molecular trafficking Phagocytosis (facilitation) Alignment of photoreceptor outer segment
Constituents og Interphotoreceptor matrix
IP retinal binding protein Fibropectin Sialoprotein (SPARC) Intercellular adhesion molecules Hyaluronic acid receptor (CD44 antigen) Matrix metalloproteinases Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase Proteoglycanglycosaminoglycans
Peripheral vision + scotopic vision is feature of
Rods
Colour vision+ photopic vision (discriminatory central vision) is a feature of
Cones
Outer plexiform layer constitjtes
Rod spherules
Cone pedicles
Dendrites of bipolar + horizontal cells
Types of ganlion cells
Midget ganglion (macular region) Plysynaptic ganglion ( peripheral retina)
Nerve fibre layer (stratum opticum) pass through _________ to form optic nerve.
Lamina cribrosa
Internal limiting membrane is essentially a basement membrane formed by
Union of terminal expansion (Muller’s fibres)
End receptors of retina
Rods
Cones
1° order neuron
Bipolar cells
2° order neuron
Ganglion cells
3°order neuron
Neurons of geniculate body
Blood supply of outer retinal layers (4)
Ant. Ciliary arteries
Post. Ciliary arteries
Nutrition by choroidal system+ vascular system
Blood supply of inner layer of retina(6)
Central retinal A (ophthalmic artery)
Cilioretinal A (post. Ciliary artery)(supplies macular area in some cases)
Functional division of retina
Temporal retina (ipsilateral geniculate tract) Nasal retina (contralateral geniculate tract)
Braches of central retinal artery
Superior nasal
Superior temporal
Inferior nasal
Inferior temporal
Arterial Circle of Zinn/Haller supply
Lamina cribrosa
To optic nerve head
Surrounding retina
Auto fluorescence condition
Drunsen of optic disc
Intrapapillary refractile bodies
Children- pseudo papilloedema
Teens- waxy pea like refractile bodies
Anomalies of optic disc
Crescent Congenital pigmentation Coloboma Drunsen Hypoplasia of optic disc
Anomalies pf retina proper
Albinism Congenital night blindness Congenital day blindness Oguchi's disease Congenital retinal cyst Congenital retinoschisis Congenital retinal detachment Coloboma of fundus
Congenital anomalies of macula
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Coloboma
Whitish patch with feathery margins
Enlargement of blind spot
Myelination of nerve fibres
Congenital anomaly
Anomaly of nerve fibres
Medullated/Opaque nerve fibres
Inflammatory disease of retina
Retinitis (infectious,non-infectious) Retinal vasculitis (Eale's disease
Infectious retinitis can be
Bacterial
Acute (pyaemia)
Subacute retinitis of Roth (Roth’s /white spot at centre)
Non-pyogenic (TB, Leprosy,Syphilis,actinomycosis)
Viral retinitis (CMV,Rubella,Herpes zoster)
Mycotic retinitis
Rickettsial retinitis
Parasitic retinitis
Non infectious retinitis include
Chorioretinitis
Neuroretinitis
Retinal vasculitis (Eales’ disease)
Inflammation of peripheral retinal veins Recurrent viterous haemorhhage Bilateral Young adult Males (20-30 years) Symptoms Sudden floaters appear (black spots) Sudden painless loss of vision
Stages of Eales’ disease
Active inflammation
Ischaemia/vascular occlusion
Retinal neovascularization
Sequelae/advance stage
Stage of active inflammation of Eales’disease
Peripheral veins congested
Perivascular exudates
Sheathing
Superficial haemorhhages (flame shaped /sheets)
Stage of ischaemic/vascular occlusion Eales’ disease
Obliterated vessels
Areas pf capillary non-perfusion(CNP)
Stage of neovascularisation Eales’ disease
Abnomal fragile vessels
Recurrent viterous haemorhhage (bleeding)
Laser photocoagulation indicated in this stage
Stage of sequelae /advance stage Eales’ disease
Complications occur
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Tractional retinal detachment
Rubeosis iridis
Neovascular glaucoma.
