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Boards I - Path > Diseases Of Organ Systems RESPIRATORY - 34% > Flashcards

Diseases Of Organ Systems RESPIRATORY - 34% Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma? Sx?

A

Reversible bronchospasm due to hypersensitivity of the bronchi. Bronchial mucosa inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

Sx- paroxysms of shortness of breath and wheezing worse at night

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2
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic causes of asthma

A

E - allergens, eczema and hay fever

I - exercise

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3
Q

What can be found in the sputum of someone with asthma

A

Curschmann spiral and charcot-Leyden crystals

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4
Q

Bronchiectasis? Associated with? Sx?

A

Chronic dilation of bronchi due to bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs

May be associated with cystic fibrosis

Copious fouls smelling mucopurulant sputum early in the morning

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5
Q

Kartangener’s syndrome

A

Immotile cilia which present with a clinical triad consisting of
- chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inverses

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6
Q

Atelectasis? Types?

A

Collapse or incomplete expansion of alveoli

3 types: compression atelectasis, resorption atelectasis, contraction atelectasis

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7
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

Collapse due to external pressure like pleural effusion and pneumothorax

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8
Q

Resorption atelectasis

A

Collapse distal to an obstructed bronchi by foreign body or tumor

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9
Q

Contraction atelectasis

A

Collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil. Commonly seen in pulmonary TB

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10
Q

COPD? Types?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Emphysema or chronic bronchitis

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11
Q

Emphysema? Types?

A

A type of COPD
Pink puffers who tend to thin
Alveolar wall destroyed, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation

2 types: centriacinar, panacinar

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12
Q

Centriacinar emphysema

A

Smoking related, affects respiratory bronchioles, barrel-chest

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13
Q

Panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Affects all pulmonary acini
Destruction of elastic tissue in alveolar wall, younger patients

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14
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Blue (cyanosis) bloaters (right-sided heart failure) who tend to be overweight

  • chronic cough >3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
  • bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infection
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15
Q

Pneumonia? Types?

A

Inflammation of lung tissue

4 types: lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP)

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16
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Inflammation of a lobe with red then grey hepatization. Streptococcus pneumonia

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17
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Patchy inflammation of both lungs usually in the bases

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18
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Involved both lungs

Caused by mycoplasma or chlamydia pneumoniae

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19
Q

Pneumocystis jirovci pneumonia (PJP)

A

Opportunistic infection by pneumocystis jiroveci - AIDS

Causes ground glass appearance on chest x-ray

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20
Q

Lung abscess? causes? who?

A

Pus filled cavity in the lung

  • staph aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Seen more in alcoholics and epileptics

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21
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Occupational lung disease

- caused by inhalation of inorganic industrial particles: anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, siderosis, Caplan’s lung

22
Q

Anthracosis

A

Lung disease caused by coal dust in coal miners

One of the pneumoconiosis

23
Q

Silicosis

A

Lung disease caused by silica dust in quarry workers: quartz and sand

One of the pneumoconiosis

24
Q

Asbestosis

A

Lung disease caused by asbestos fibers in miners. Increased risk of mesothelioma

One of the pneumoconiosis

25
Siderosis
Lung disease caused by iron dust in iron minors One of the pneumoconiosis
26
Caplan’s lung
Pneumoconiosis with progressive pulmonary fibrosis in RA
27
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Allergic lung reactions caused by organic dust: byssinosis, bagassosis, farmer’s lung, silo-filler’s lung
28
Byssinosis
Allergic lung reactions caused by cotton dust from mill workers One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
29
Bagassosis
Moldy fibrous waste (bagasse) in sugar cane workers One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
30
Farmer’s lung
Allergic lung reactions caused by moldy hay in farmers One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
31
Silo-filler’s lung
Caused by nitrogen dioxide found in corn-filled silos One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
32
What type of sensitivity is Sarcoidosis
Type Iv hypersensitivity reaction
33
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary fibrosis - dyspnea and dry cough
Sarcoidosis
34
non-caseous granulomas with epithelioid macrophages
Sarcoidosis
35
What does sarcoidosis affect
Splenomegal, uveitis, Bell’s palsy, erythema nodusum (red painful bumps over the shins)
36
Sarcoidosis has elevated
Serum calcium due to increased conversion of Vit D in the epithelioid macrophages - associated with raised levels of angiotensin converting enzyme in 40-80% of patients - ACE is also produced in epithelioid cells in granulomas
37
Ghon focus
Caseous granulomas in lung (with TB) - epithelioid cells and Langhan’s giant cells - epithelioid cells are activated macrophages - lower part of the upper lobe or the upper part of the lower lobe
38
Ghon complex
Peripheral Ghon focus with involvement of regional lymph nodes - seen in primary TB
39
Langhan’s giant cells
Fused epithelioid cells with the nuclei arranged in a horse-shoe pattern
40
What is the most common lung cancer
Bronchogenic carcinoma | - squamous cell type is the most common
41
Bronchogenic carcinoma
M/C lung cancer M/C in males - smoking, mining, industrial cities - chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and SPHERE Superior vena cava syndrome (distended neck and upper limb veins) Pancoast tumor Horner’s syndrome Endocrine (paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretions) Recurrent laryngeal damage (hoarseness) Effusions (pleural or pericardial)
42
What causes 25% of lung cancers
Small cell lung carcinoma, previously called oat cell carcinoma - uncommon cause of lung cancer
43
What does small cell carcinoma produce
Ectopic hormone production such as: parathormone, ACTH, ADH
44
SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion by small cell lung cancers
45
Pancoast tumor
Bronchogenic carcinoma in one of the lung apices - may invade roots of the brachial plexus, first rib, sympathetic trunk (causing Horner’s syndrome), subclavian vein or artery
46
Pneumothorax
Air within the pleural cavity - spontaneous - no previous underlying lung disease - secondary - traumatic, underlying asthma or emphysema - tension - trapped air in the pleural space cannot escape and builds up in the space causing mediastinal shift away from the affected side
47
Emphysema
Pus-filled pleural cavity | - secondary to bacterial infection in the lungs
48
Pleural effusion? Types? How to tell the difference between the types?
Fluid-filled pleural cavity - may be an exudate as a result of local inflammation, or transudate related to systemic diseases. Exudates has more protein (>2g/dl)
49
Exudates
Pleural effusion seen in pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism
50
Transudates
Pleural effusion seen in congestive heart failure, renal failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome
51
Mesothelioma
Malignant tumor the pleura | - associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos

Boards I - Path (5 decks)

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