Diseases of Organ systems ENDOCRINE -34% Flashcards

1
Q

What is gigantism due to

A

Excess growth hormone from the pituitary before 18 years

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2
Q

Gigantism may be associated with functioning _________ adenoma and presents with:

A

Adenoma

  • overgrowth of tissues in the entire body-large hands and protruding jaw
  • headache
  • visual disturbance
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3
Q

What is acromegaly due to

A

Excess GH from pituitary after growth plate has closed

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4
Q

Acromegaly is associated with a functioning ________ adenoma presenting with:

A
  • protruding jaw, large spatulate hands and large feet
  • headache
  • visual disturbance
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5
Q

What is Cushing’s disease caused by? This causes ____ resulting in ______

A

Excess ACTH from a functioning pituitary adenoma

  • excess cortisol production by the adrenal cortex resulting in:
  • moon-face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity and hypertension
  • purple striae on the abdomen and hyperpigmented skin creases
  • muscle wasting in the extremities, recurrent infections
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6
Q

What is a GH deficiency in children called?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

  • may be related to a non-functioning pituitary tumor presenting with growth retardation
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7
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome? What does it result in

A

Ischemic necrosis of anterior pituitary lobe following a severe postpartum hemorrhage

  • after, there is no secretions from the anterior lobe resulting in amenorrhea, cessation of lactation and loss of axillary pubic hair
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8
Q

What is hyperprolactinemia? What does it present with?

A

Secreting prolactin pituitary adenoma

  • golactorrhea (Milkey discharge from a non-lactating breast)
  • amenorrhea (absent menstraution, prolactin inhibits GnRH release form the hypothalamus)
  • infertility
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9
Q

What is golactorrhea

A

Milky discharge from a non-lactating breast

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10
Q

What is amenorrhea

A

Absent menstruation

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11
Q

What is diabetes insipidus? What can cause it? What does it present with?

A

ADH deficiency

  • head injury, pituitary tumors, kidney disease and sarcoidosis
  • polyuria (frequent copious diluted colorless urine)
  • polydyspia (excessive water consumption)
  • constant specific gravity of urine <1.006 in spite of dehydration
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12
Q

What is hypothyroidism called in adults? Children?

A

Myxedema

Cretinism

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13
Q

What are primary hypothyroidism levels of T3, T4 and TSH? What does it present with?

A

Low T3, T4 and high TSH

  • fatigue, constipation, brittle hair, slow to relax reflexes, weight gain
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14
Q

What are secondary hypothyroidism levels of T3, T4 and TSH?

A

Low T3, T4 and low TSH: pituitary hypofunctioning

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15
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyoiditis?

A

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, goiter and hypothyroidism

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16
Q

What is reidel’s thyroiditis?

A

Lymphocytic fibrotic thyroid disease leading to hypothyroidism

17
Q

What are primary hyperthyroidism levels of T3, T4 and TSH

A

Elevated T3, T4, low TSH

18
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Most common form of hyperthyroidism

  • autoimmune disorder-IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptors
19
Q

What are some signs of Grave’s disease?

A

exophthalmos (bilateral building eyes), goiter, fine tremors of the hands, nervousness, diarrhea,
weight loss despite increased appetite, HLA B8 predisposition

20
Q

What is Plummer’s disease?

A

Toxic multinodular goiter and no exopthalmos

21
Q

What are secondary hyperthyroidism levels of T3, T4 and TSH?

A

Elevated T3, T4 and high TSH: TSH secreting pituitary tumor

22
Q

What causes a hyperparathyroidism? what are the signs

A

Functioning parathyroid adenoma

  • hypercalcemia
  • fatigue
  • brown bone cysts due to decomposed blood and hemosiderin pigment
23
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism? What are the sings

A

Incidental removal of the parathyroid in total thyroidectomy.

  • causes hypokalemia and tetany and muscle twitching
24
Q

What is Chvostek test?

A

Tapping the facial nerve in front of the ear causing facial twitching

  • positive with hypoparathyroidism
25
What is Addison’s disease? What are the blood levels? What are the signs?
Chronic underfunctioning of the adrenal cortex. May be an autoimmune disorder or associated with TB infection - low Na, low BP, high K, high ACTH, low glucocorticoids and aldosterone - hyperpigmented skin creases and bronze skin
26
What is waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome?
Acute adrenal bleeding secondary to neisseria meningitides septicemia Results in shock and hemorrhagic rash
27
What is Conn’s disease? What are levels?
Overfunctioning of the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex due to adrenal adenoma which produces excess mineralocorticoids - low K, low renin, metabolic alkalosis and high BP
28
What is Cushing’s syndrome
May be due to exogenous steroids or a tumor of the adrenal cortex - truncated obesity, moon face and buffalo hump, hypertension, hyperglycemia, poor wound healing purple abdominal striae but no hyperpigmentation
29
What is a neuroblastoma?
Most common adrenal medulla tumor in children, associated with the N-myc oncogene
30
What is a pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor - palpitation, perspiration, pressure headache, periodic hypertension - vanilla mandelic acid is found in excess in urine The 10% tumor, - 10% are bilateral, 10% are malignant, 10% occur outside of the adrenal gland, 10% are familial