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Urinary System > Diseases of Kidneys and Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Diseases of Kidneys and Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the UUT?

A

Anything above the bladder

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2
Q

What constitutes the LUT?

A

Anything below the bladder

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3
Q

Give examples of causes of renal diseases

A

Infection, inflammation, iatrogenic, neoplasm, trauma, vascular, hereditary

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4
Q

How do renal diseases present?

A

Pain, pyrexia, haematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, mass on palpation

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5
Q

What is the definition of proteinuria?

A

Urinary excretion >150mg/day

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6
Q

Name the types of haematuria?

A

Microscopic
Dipstick Positive
Macroscopic

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7
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Tightness of foreskin

  • means foreskin cannot pull back
  • can cause acute retention
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8
Q

What is the definition of microscopic haematuria?

A

> 3RBC’s per high power field

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9
Q

What is oliguria ?

A

Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour

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10
Q

What is anuria?

A

Absolute anuria - no urine output

Relative anuria - <100ml/24 hrs

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11
Q

What is poluria?

A

Urine output >3l/24hours

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12
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Waking at night >1 occasion to micturate

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13
Q

What is nocturnal polyuria?

A

Nocturnal urine output >1/3 of total urine output in 24 hours

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14
Q

What is AKI?

A

An abrupt and sustained decrease in kidney function

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15
Q

How is AKI staged?

A

via RIFLE criteria

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16
Q

What indicated AKI risk?

A

increase in serum creatitine and a decrease in GFR by 25% or U0<0.5ml/kg/h for 6 hours

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17
Q

What indicates AKI injury?

A

Increase in serum creatinine, decrease in GFR by 50% or U0<0.5ml/kg/hour for 12 hours

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18
Q

What do results show in ARF?

A

Increase in serum creatinine, decrease in GFR by 75%, anuria or U0 <0.3ML/KG/H

19
Q

What results in AKI loss?

A

Persistent ARF or loss of kidney function >4weeks

20
Q

What qualifies as End Stage Kidney Disease?

A

Complete loss of kidney function >3months

21
Q

How is body fluid homeostasis affected by CRF?

A

Fluid overload

22
Q

How is electrolyte homeostasis affected by CRF?Q

A

Hyperkalaemia, Hyperphosphataemia may occur

23
Q

How do bladder diseases present?

A

Pain, pyrexia, haematuria, recurrent UTIs, chronic retention, urinarly leak, pneumaturia (air from urethra), LUTS

24
Q

Describe LUTS?

A

Voiding, Storage and incontinence

25
Q

What is Epidiorchitis?

A

Infection of the testes

26
Q

What can cause epidorchitis?

A

STI and UTI

27
Q

What is the function of the Vesico-ureter junction?

A

Prevents backflow of urine

28
Q

What is the path of infection when it is caused by urine reflux?

A

Ascending infection

29
Q

What drugs can cause nephrotoxicity?

A

Gentamycin and NSAID’s

30
Q

What controls micturition?

A

Cortical centre, pons, sacral segments (s2-s4), internal sphincter, external sphincter and detrusor muscle

31
Q

What are the two phases of the micturition cycle?

A

Storage phase and voiding phase

32
Q

How do NSAID’s cause nephrotoxicity?

A

They inhibit prostaglandins which increases arteriole constriction

  • only affects those with poor renal reserves
33
Q

What is a TCC?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

34
Q

What are causes of bladder outflow tract diseases?

A

Prostatitis, balantitis, pelvic floor damage, urethral damage, prostate or penile cancer, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, BPE, Urethral stricture, phimosis

35
Q

Define acute urinary retention?

A

Painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder

36
Q

What is the main risk factor for acute urinary retention?

A

Benign Prostatic Obstruction

37
Q

What is the immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?

A

Immediate catheterisation

38
Q

Define Chronic Urinary retention?

A

Painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding

39
Q

What causes chronic urinary retention?

A

Detrusor underactivity

40
Q

What are uncomplicated UTI’s?

A

UTI in sexually active females only with clear relation to sexual activity

41
Q

What organisms cause UTI’s?

A

E.Coli, Staph. Saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staph Aureus

42
Q

Where can cystitis spread to if severe?

A

Prostate –> testes

43
Q

What can cause a colo-vesical fistula?

A

Diverticular disease, bowel disease

Urinary System (15 decks)

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