diseases and pathology/manifestations Flashcards

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1
Q

initial signs of sepsis

A

they are stuble but will include: hypotension, an tachy cardia

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2
Q

manis of fluid overload

A

peripheral edema and elevated BP

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3
Q

manis of PE

A

SOB, chest pain, and sense of pending doom

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4
Q

if the AST and ALT is elevated, what does that mean?

A

it means liver impairment and possible rejection

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5
Q

besides elevated AST and ALT, another sign of liver impairment and possible rejection would show what colour of urine, stools, and eyes

A

dark-cloured urine and light or clay-coloured stools

eyes would show conjunctival icterus (yellowing of the white of the eye)

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6
Q

what are some symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

sweating

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7
Q

what are some signs of hyper glycemia

A

nausea and rapid breathing

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8
Q

what can indicate acute compartment syndrome?

A

a non-palpable pulse on the affected side. (dont elevate the affected limb because it can further decrease the perfusion of the affected leg)

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9
Q

What is addisons disease? How is it related to hyponatremia and potassium?

A

Low aldosterone. Aldosterone helps maintain our BP. Aldosterone will keep the water and sodium to increase BP BUT in exchange for that, a person will excrete potassium. SO if you have LOW aldosterone, you will lose sodium and water BUT retain potassium.

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10
Q

What is SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)?

A

Body secretes too much anti-diuretic hormone. This keeps too much fluid in the body which dilutes sodium.

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11
Q

Cushing syndrome and sodium and potassium relationship?

A

Cushing syndrome and sodium and potassium relationship? Cushings cause the body to keep too much cortisol so the body keeps too much sodium in the blood and waste too much potassium.

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12
Q

DKA treatment

A
  1. slow deep breathes to fix the metabolic acidosis
  2. Iv 0.9% NA CL. To increase the BP because the already existing polyuria is dropping the BP
  3. Correct hypokalemia, is present.
  4. IV insulin (only if K is above 3.3mEq/L. S o do not start if K is really low)
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13
Q

S+S of DKA

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Hyperkalemia.
  3. Polyuria
  4. HYPOtension and tachycardia due to dehydration
  5. PH will be low
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14
Q

What kind of breathing will you see with DKA?

A

Increased rate with deep and rapid breathing. AKA Kussmaul’s respirations.

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15
Q

Hyperventilation, what do you do?

A

Breathe into a paper bag

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16
Q

when to expect S+S of ETOH withdrawal?

A

anxiety and insomnia may begin earlier but acute S+S will start 24-72 hours after the last drink.

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17
Q

Tx options for cocaine withdrawal

A

activated charcoal
and gastric lavage

18
Q

S+S of cocaine withdrawal and nursing considerations

A

long periods of sleep, irritability, depression, disorientation

monitor cardiac status, maintain an airway, place them on seizure precautions, monitor for suicide, and keep them in a calm environment

19
Q

circulatory overload assessment (4)

A
  • crackles
  • dyspnea
  • confusion
  • seizures
20
Q

signs of infiltration and intervention

A
  1. Edema
  2. Pain
  3. Coolness
  4. Decrease in flow rate
  5. Interventions: d/c and apply warm compress to site. Elevate the arm
21
Q

Phlebitis signs and interventions

A
  1. Red, swelling, tender, warm
  2. d/c and apply warm, moist compresses
22
Q

Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein with clot formation) signs and interventions

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Redness and warmth around the insertion site or along path of vein
  4. Fever
  5. Leukocytosis
  6. d/c and apply warm compress, elevate
23
Q

Hematoma signs and interventions

A
  1. Ecchymosis
  2. Immediate swelling at the site
  3. d/c and apply cold compress for 24 hours and then warm compress
24
Q

Steps how cancer grows

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion (latency)
  3. Progression
25
Q

ALL AND CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)

A

B-lymphocytes

26
Q

AML AND CML (chronic myeloid nous leukaemia)

A

Granulocytic stem cells

27
Q

Acute leukemias

A

A lot of immature non functional cells in bone marrow and circulation

28
Q

Chronic

A

Higher amount of mature cells. Insidious onset. Mild signs and better prognosis

29
Q

Tonic phase

A

Limbs contract. Eyes roll

30
Q

Clonic phase

A

Repetitive movements

31
Q

Admin vit K to…

A

Promote clotting

32
Q

Cushings triad (increasing ICP)

A
  1. Widening BP
  2. Bradypnea
  3. Bradycardia
33
Q

Cane 101

A

-6 inches from foot
- held on stronger side
- put leans on cane and swings STRONGER side through

34
Q

Opioid withdrawal

A

Yawning, insomnia, irritable, cramps, N

35
Q

Nadir

A

Lowest cell count

36
Q

Signs of shock

A

Low bp, low urine output, increase RR, increase p, no bowel sounds

(^K)

37
Q

Sepsis

A

After shock, you will see eventual multi organ failure which increases lactic acidosis due to tissue perfusion

38
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Excessive urine I/O due to reduction in ADH

39
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Transports glucose across cells

40
Q

When to use low protein diet

A

Liver and kidney failure as it builds up and causes toxic nitro in brain