diseases and pathology/manifestations Flashcards
initial signs of sepsis
they are stuble but will include: hypotension, an tachy cardia
manis of fluid overload
peripheral edema and elevated BP
manis of PE
SOB, chest pain, and sense of pending doom
if the AST and ALT is elevated, what does that mean?
it means liver impairment and possible rejection
besides elevated AST and ALT, another sign of liver impairment and possible rejection would show what colour of urine, stools, and eyes
dark-cloured urine and light or clay-coloured stools
eyes would show conjunctival icterus (yellowing of the white of the eye)
what are some symptoms of hypoglycemia?
sweating
what are some signs of hyper glycemia
nausea and rapid breathing
what can indicate acute compartment syndrome?
a non-palpable pulse on the affected side. (dont elevate the affected limb because it can further decrease the perfusion of the affected leg)
What is addisons disease? How is it related to hyponatremia and potassium?
Low aldosterone. Aldosterone helps maintain our BP. Aldosterone will keep the water and sodium to increase BP BUT in exchange for that, a person will excrete potassium. SO if you have LOW aldosterone, you will lose sodium and water BUT retain potassium.
What is SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)?
Body secretes too much anti-diuretic hormone. This keeps too much fluid in the body which dilutes sodium.
Cushing syndrome and sodium and potassium relationship?
Cushing syndrome and sodium and potassium relationship? Cushings cause the body to keep too much cortisol so the body keeps too much sodium in the blood and waste too much potassium.
DKA treatment
- slow deep breathes to fix the metabolic acidosis
- Iv 0.9% NA CL. To increase the BP because the already existing polyuria is dropping the BP
- Correct hypokalemia, is present.
- IV insulin (only if K is above 3.3mEq/L. S o do not start if K is really low)
S+S of DKA
- Confusion
- Hyperkalemia.
- Polyuria
- HYPOtension and tachycardia due to dehydration
- PH will be low
What kind of breathing will you see with DKA?
Increased rate with deep and rapid breathing. AKA Kussmaul’s respirations.
Hyperventilation, what do you do?
Breathe into a paper bag
when to expect S+S of ETOH withdrawal?
anxiety and insomnia may begin earlier but acute S+S will start 24-72 hours after the last drink.
Tx options for cocaine withdrawal
activated charcoal
and gastric lavage
S+S of cocaine withdrawal and nursing considerations
long periods of sleep, irritability, depression, disorientation
monitor cardiac status, maintain an airway, place them on seizure precautions, monitor for suicide, and keep them in a calm environment
circulatory overload assessment (4)
- crackles
- dyspnea
- confusion
- seizures
signs of infiltration and intervention
- Edema
- Pain
- Coolness
- Decrease in flow rate
- Interventions: d/c and apply warm compress to site. Elevate the arm
Phlebitis signs and interventions
- Red, swelling, tender, warm
- d/c and apply warm, moist compresses
Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein with clot formation) signs and interventions
- Pain
- Swelling
- Redness and warmth around the insertion site or along path of vein
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- d/c and apply warm compress, elevate
Hematoma signs and interventions
- Ecchymosis
- Immediate swelling at the site
- d/c and apply cold compress for 24 hours and then warm compress
Steps how cancer grows
- Initiation
- Promotion (latency)
- Progression
ALL AND CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)
B-lymphocytes
AML AND CML (chronic myeloid nous leukaemia)
Granulocytic stem cells
Acute leukemias
A lot of immature non functional cells in bone marrow and circulation
Chronic
Higher amount of mature cells. Insidious onset. Mild signs and better prognosis
Tonic phase
Limbs contract. Eyes roll
Clonic phase
Repetitive movements
Admin vit K to…
Promote clotting
Cushings triad (increasing ICP)
- Widening BP
- Bradypnea
- Bradycardia
Cane 101
-6 inches from foot
- held on stronger side
- put leans on cane and swings STRONGER side through
Opioid withdrawal
Yawning, insomnia, irritable, cramps, N
Nadir
Lowest cell count
Signs of shock
Low bp, low urine output, increase RR, increase p, no bowel sounds
(^K)
Sepsis
After shock, you will see eventual multi organ failure which increases lactic acidosis due to tissue perfusion
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive urine I/O due to reduction in ADH
What does insulin do?
Transports glucose across cells
When to use low protein diet
Liver and kidney failure as it builds up and causes toxic nitro in brain
