DISEASES AFFECTING DENTISTRY Flashcards
what is anaemia and what are its main causes?
a reduction of Haemoglobin (oxygen carrying ability) in the blood
- reduced production of RBCs
- increased losses (excessive bleeding)
- increased demand of body
what are examples of iron sources?
- meat
- green leafy vegetables
- iron tablets
what are the main types of anaemias?
- iron deficiency anaemia
- folate deficiency anaemia
- vitamin B12 anaemia/pernicious anaemia
- haemolytic anaemias
what diseases may cause iron-definiciency anaemia? why?
BLOOD LOSS
- menstruation, pregnancy and GI tract bleeding
ACHLORHYDRIA
- lack of stomach acid therefor no conversion of non-haem iron to haem
COELIAC DISEASE
- intestinal villi abnormality which lowers absorption of iron from diet
how can iron-loss anaemia occur?
- gastric erosions and ulcers
- GI tract bleeding (inflammatory bowel disease, bowel cancer etc)
- haemorrhoids
ANYTHING THAT CAUSES BLEEDING
how is vitamin B12 abosorbed within the body?
- intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells
- intrinsic factor then binds to vitamin B12 taken in through diet
- absorbed specifically in ILEUM
- stored usually in liver
how can Vitamin B12 anaemia occur?
- lack of B12 intake (VEGANS)
- lack of intrinsic factor (specific autoimmune disease known as pernicious anaemia)
- disease of terminal ileum (chrons disease)
anaemia in a patient may be as a result of abnormal globin chains, what are examples of these conditions?
- Thalassaemia
- Sickle cell anaemia
how can the haem production in thalassaemic patients be described?
NORMAL
- disease occurs due to genetic mutation of globin chains
what are the clinical effects of thalassaemia?
- chronic anaemia
- marrow hyperplasia (bones expand)
- splenomegaly
- cirrhosis
- gallstones
how do RBCs differ in a patient with sickle cell anaemia?
RBCs have curled up edges, no longer able to squeeze through capillaries
what is pernicious anaemia?
a specific type of Vitamin B12 definciency anaemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor
what are microcytic cells? what type of anaemias have thsi?
RBCs that are smaller than normal
- iron deficiency anaemia
- thalassaemia
what are macrocytic cells? what type of anaemias exhibit this?
RBCs which are larger in size
- B12/folate deficiency anaemia
what are normocytic cells? what types of anaemia may show these?
normal sized RBCs
- usually normocytic anaemias are caused by bleeding, renal problems are chronic diseases
what are hypochromic cells? when might you see these cells in a patient?
- when RBCs are paler in colour than normal (due to less haemoglobin in cells)
- any anemias which reduce haemoglobin content of cells
what are some usual signs of Anaemia?
- pale
- tachycardia
- splitting of fingernails
- smooth tongue
what are some usual symptoms of anaemia?
- fatigue and lethargy
- dizziness
- shortness of breath
- palpitations
what oral symptom may occur as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia?
beefy tongue
A patient comes into your practise and as you are taking their medical history you begin to suspect that they may suffer from Anaemia, what do you do?
Send them to doctor for tests:
- full blood count
how might iron deficient anaemia affect the oral cavity?
- mucosal atrophy
- candidiasis
- recurrent oral ulceration
- sensory changes
approximately* when does the development of the face begin?
4-8 week in utero
approx.* when does the formation of palate occur?
approx 6-10 weeks in utero
what is the earliest bone laid down in the skull & when does this occur approx*?
Mandible
- 6/7 weeks in utero
what pharyngeal arch does the trigeminal nerve derive from?
1st pharangeal arch
what nerve derives from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
facial nerve (controls muscles of facial expression)
what nerve derives from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
glossopharyngeal nerve
