Diseases Flashcards
Disease Focus
The general appearance and condition of the skin are clinically important because they may provide clues to body conditions or dysfunctions. Pale skin may indicate ____; red, flushed, very warm skin may indicate ____ and ____. A rash may indicate ____ or local infections. Even chewed fingernails may be a clue to emotional problems. For diagnosis, treatment, and management of skin disorders, the medical services of a specialist may be warranted. Dermatology is the medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin. The physician who
Specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of the skin is the ___
Shock
Fever and infection
Allergies
Dermatologist
_____are areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection. & may affect tissue over an area of a definite size (_____) or may be widely spread throughout the body (_____). Evaluation of skin lesions, injuries, or changes to tissue helps establish the diagnosis of skin disorders.
Lesions are described as _______or______.
_______skin lesions are the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated. Secondary skin lesions are changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of _____, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease. Lesions are also described by their appearance, color, location, and size as measured in centimeters
Lesions
Localized
Systemic
Primary or secondary
Primary
Infection
_____are tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents. Although burns generally occur on the skin, they can also affect the ____ and ___ tract linings. Burns that have a local effect are not as serious as those that have a systemic effect. Systemic effects are life-threatening and may include dehydration, ____, and infection.
Burns
Respiratory and digestive
Shock
Burns are usually classified as first-, second-, or third-degree burns. The extent of injury and degree of severity determine a burn’s classification. First-degree (superficial) burns are the least serious type of burn because they injure only the ____ of the skin, the ____. These burns are most commonly caused by brief contact with dry or moist heat (____ burn), spending too much time in the sun (___burn), or exposure to chemicals (____ burn).
Top layers
Epidermis
Thermal
Sun
Chemical
First-degree Injury is restricted to local effects, such as skin redness (____) and acute sensitivity to such sensory stimuli as touch, heat, or cold (______). Generally, ____ do not form, and the burn heals without scar formation. Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns are deep burns that damage the ____ and part of the _____. These burns may be caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals. Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but fluid-filled _____ (vesicles or bullae) form, and the burn may heal with little or no scarring.
Erythema
Hyperesthesia
Blisters
Epidermis
Dermis
Blisters
In third-degree (full-thickness) burns, the epidermis and dermis are _____, and some of the underlying ____ tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to ____. The underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged. These burns may be caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, or extremely hot objects; immersion of the body in extremely hot water; or clothing that catches fire. Because of the extensiveness of tissue destruction, ulcerating wounds develop, and the body attempts to heal itself by forming ___ tissue. Skin ____ dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect the underlying tissue and assist in recovery.
Destroyed
Connective
Touch
Scar
Grafting
A formula for estimating the percentage of adult body surface area affected by burns is to apply the Rule of _____. This method assigns values of _______ of surface area to specific regions. The formula is modified in infants and children because of the proportionally larger head size.To determine treatment, it is important to know the amount of the burned surface area because the patient requires _____ for hydration to replace fluids lost from tissue damage
Nines
9 or 18%
Intravenous fluids, IV
______are abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing. They harm the individual only insofar as they place pressure on or interfere with the functioning of surrounding structures. If the benign neoplasm remains small, it does not commonly require removal. When the tumor enlarges, causes pain, or interferes with other organs or structures, excision is necessary.
Oncology neoplasms
______, also called cancer, are composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (______). Once the malignant cells from the primary tumor invade surrounding tissues, they tend to enter ______and travel to remote regions of the body to form secondary tumor sites. If left untreated, cancer tends to be progressive and generally fatal.
Cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy,____, and radiation therapy. Immunotherapy, also called _____, is a newer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells. To provide the most effective treatment, the physician may prescribe one of the previously listed treatments or use a combination of them (combined____ treatment).
-(Malignant neoplasms)
Metastasis
Blood and lymph vessels
Immunotherapy
Biotherapy
Modality
Grading and Staging Cancer
Pathologists grade and stage tumors to help in diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used. Tumor Grading
In tumor grading, cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine how closely the biopsied tissue resembles normal tissue. The greater the difference between the normal tissue and the biopsied tissue, the more serious is the grade of cancer. Pathologists commonly describe these changes using ____ grades of severity based on the microscopic appearance of the cells. a grade ___ tumor shows cells that closely resemble the tissue of origin. In other words, most of the cells are well differentiated and able to carry on the function of the tissue. A patient with a grade I tumor has a good prognosis for full recovery.
4, 1,
a patient with a grade IV tumor shows cells that are very poorly ____ and grow rapidly. These cells spread to surrounding tissue, revert back to their primitive state (____), and are incapable of carrying on the normal function of the tissue.
A patient with a grade IV tumor has the poorest ____
-Close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions tumor cells well differentiated
Less resemblance to tissue of origin
• More variation in size and shape of tumor cells
• Increased mitoses Tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated
Differentiated
Anaplasia
(Ana:backwards, plasia:formation)
Prognosis
Grade 1
Grade II
Increased abnormality in appearance, with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin
• Marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells
• Greatly increased mitoses
Abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor’s tissue origin is difficult
• Extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
Grade III
Tumor cells poorly differentiated
Grade IV
Tumor cells very poorly differentiated
Tumor Staging
The most common system used for staging tumors is the _____, ____, ______ (TNM) system. It is an international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers. The TNM staging system classifies solid tumors by __ and ____ of spread according to three basic criteria
Tumor
Node
Metastasis
Size and degree
3 basic criteria:
• T :size and ____ of the primary tumor
• N:area _____ nodes involved
• M—invasiveness (metastasis) of the ____ tumor
Numbers are used to indicate size or spread of the tumor. The higher the number, the greater is the extent or spread of the malignancy. For example, T2 designates a ____ tumor; M0 designates no evidence of metastasis. As with grading, ______ provides valuable information to guide treatment plans.
Invasiveness
Lymph
Primary
Small
Staging
_____the most common type of skin cancer, is a malignancy of the ___ layer of the epidermis, or hair ____. This type of cancer is commonly caused by overexposure to ____. The tumors are ____ invasive but rarely metastasize. It is the most prevalent in blond, fair-skinned men and is the most common malignant tumor affecting white people. Although these tumors grow slowly, they commonly ____ as they increase in size and develop crusting that is firm to the the touch. Metastases are uncommon with this type of cancer; however, the disease can invade the tissue sufficiently to destroy an ear, nose, or eyelid. Depending on the location, size, and depth of the lesion, treatment may include ____ and _______disiccation, chemotherapy, surgical excision, irradiation, or chemosurgery.
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal
Follicles
Sunlight
Locally
Ulcerate
Curettage
Electrode
-Primary tumor that cannot be evaluated
-No evidence of tumor
Carcinoma in situ, which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues
Primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimal invasion, and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues
TX
T0
Tis (stage 1)
T1,T2,T3,T4
(Stage 2)
Regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated
Regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities
Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes, where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading, and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading
NX
N0
N1-4
Distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated
No evidence of metastasis
Presence of metastasis
MX
M0
(M1 grade IV)
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (______) of epidermal cells. It is an invasive tumor with potential for _____ and occurs most commonly in fair-skinned white men over age ___. Repeated overexposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays greatly increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Other predisposing factors associated with this type of cancer include ____ therapy; chronic skin irritation and inflammation; exposure to cancer-causing agents (______), including ___ and oil; ____ diseases (such as xeroderma pigmentosum, and albinism); and the presence of premalignant lesions (such as [actinic
k_______ caused by radiation ]or [Bowens____ (scaly patch)].
Keratinizing
Metastasis
60
Radiation
Carcinogens
Tar
Hereditary
Keratosis
Disease
There are two types of squamous cell carcinoma: those that are confined to the original site (____) and those that penetrate the surrounding tissue (____). Depending on the location, size, shape, degree of invasion, and condition of the underlying tissue, treatment is removal by surgical excision, ____therapy, radiotherapy, or ____desiccation and ____. A combination of these treatment methods may be required for a deeply invasive tumor.
In situ
Invasive
Cryo
Electro
Curretage
______as the name implies, is a malignant growth of _____. This tumor is highly _____, with a higher mortality rate than basal or squamous cell carcinomas. It is the most lethal of the skin cancers and can metastasize extensively to the ___, lungs, or ____.
Malignant melanoma
Melanocytes
Metastatic
Liver
Brain
Several factors may influence the development of melanoma, but persons at greatest risk have fair complexions, blue eyes, red or blond hair, and freckles. Excessive exposure to sunlight and severe sunburn during childhood are believed to increase the risk of melanoma in later life. Avoiding the sun and using sunscreen have proved effective in preventing the disease.
Melanomas are diagnosed by ___ and histological examination. Treatment requires surgery to remove the primary cancer, along with _____ therapies to reduce the risk of _____. The extent of surgery depends on the size and location of the primary tumor and is determined by staging the disease.
Biopsy
Adjuvant
Metastasis
(Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
When a localized ______ originates in a hair follicle, it is called a ____uncle or boil. A cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue results in the formation of a ___buncle.)
-Abscess
-Fur
-Car
-Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness
-Very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by a red, scaly patch on the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Treatment includes curettage and electrodesiccation.
Alopecia
Bowen disease
