Ch 5 Integumentary System Flashcards
-Anatomy and Physiology-
The skin, also called the ____, is the ____ organ in the body. Together with its accessory organs (hair, nails, and ____), the skin makes up the integumentary system. This elaborate system of distinct tissues includes glands that produce several types of secretions, nerves that transmit impulses, and blood vessels that help regulate body temperature. The skin covers and protects all outer surfaces of the body and performs many vital functions, including the sense of touch.
Integument
Largest
Glands
The Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics
They also regulate the production of ______
______a Very small duct
Duct:(to lead, carry)
Androgen
Sebum
Ductule
______The State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment
It encompasses the regulatory mechanisms of the body that control temperature, ____, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products
Stasis stands for
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements ex:
Skin synthesizes vitamin D (needed by bones for calcium absorption).
Homeostasis
Acidity
Standing still
Synthesize
-Skin-
The skin protects underlying structures from injury and provides _____ information to the brain. Beneath the skin’s surface is an intricate network of nerve fibers that register sensations of temperature, pain, and _______. Other important functions of the skin include protecting the body against ______ rays, regulating body temperature, and preventing dehydration. The skin also acts as a reservoir for food and water. It also synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. The skin consists of two distinct layers: the ______&______A subcutaneous layer of tissue binds the skin to underlying structures.
Sensory
Pressure
Ultraviolet
Epidermis and dermis
-Epidermis-
The outer layer of the skin, the (1) epidermis, is relatively ____ over most areas but is thickest on the _____ of the hands and the soles of the feet. Although the epidermis is composed of 3 sublayers called (1)_____, the (2) stratum corneum, and the (3) ______ layer, which is the deepest layer, are of greatest importance.
Thin
Palms
Strata , basal
The ________ is composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors. Its thickness is related to normal wear of the area it covers. The ______ is the only layer of the epidermis that is composed of living cells where new cells are formed. As these cells move toward the stratum corneum to replace the cells that have been sloughed off, they die and become filled with a hard protein material called _____. The relatively waterproof characteristic of keratin prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body. The entire process by which a cell forms in the basal layer, rises to the surface, becomes keratinized, and sloughs off takes about _____.
Stratam
Corneum
Basal layer
Keratin
One month
In the ____ layer, special cells called melanocytes produce a black pigment called melanin. Melanin provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun’s ______, which can cause skin cancer. Moderate sun exposure increases the rate of _____ production and results in a suntan. However, overexposure results in sunburn caused by melanin’s inability to absorb sufficient ultraviolet rays to prevent the burn.
Basal
Ultraviolet radiation
Melanin
Differences in skin color are attributed to the amount of melanin in each cell. Dark-skinned people produce large amounts of melanin and are less likely to have wrinkles or skin cancer. Production of melanocytes is genetically regulated and, thus, inherited. Local accumulations of melanin are seen in pigmented moles and freckles. An absence of pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair is most likely the result of an inherited inability to produce melanin. An individual who cannot produce melanin, known as an _____, has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.
Albino
The second layer of the skin, the (4) _____, also called the ____, lies directly beneath the epidermis. It is composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings. Hair follicles, ______ oil) glands, and ______ (sweat) glands are also located in the dermis.
The (5) subcutaneous layer, also called the ____, binds the dermis to underlying structures. It is composed primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels. The subcutaneous layer stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates ____. The amount of fat in the subcutaneous layer varies with the region of the body and sex, age, and nutritional state
Dermis
Corium
Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
Hypodermis
Temperature
-Accessory Organs of the Skin-
consist of integumentary glands, hair, and nails. The glands play an important role in defending the body against disease and maintaining ______, whereas the hair and nails have more limited functional roles.
Homeostasis
Glands
Two important glands located in the dermis produce secretions: The (6) sudoriferous (sweat) glands produce sweat and the (7) sebaceous (oil) glands produce oil. These two glands are _____ glands because they secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body rather than directly into the bloodstream.
The sudoriferous glands secrete _______, or sweat, onto the surface of the skin through pores. Pores are most plentiful on the palms, soles, forehead, and ____ (armpits). The main functions of the sudoriferous glands are to cool the body by evaporation, excrete waste products, and moisten surface cells.
The sebaceous glands are filled with cells, the centers of which contain ________As these cells disintegrate, they yield an oily secretion called ____. The _____ nature of sebum helps destroy harmful organisms on the skin, thus preventing infection.
exocrine
Perspiration
Axillae
Fatty droplets
Sebum
Acidic
When ductules of the sebaceous glands become blocked, acne may result. Congested ____ causes formation of pimples or whiteheads. If the sebum is dark, it forms blackheads. Sex hormones, particularly ______, regulate the production and secretion of sebum. During adolescence, secretions ______; as the person ages, secretions diminish. The loss of sebum, which lubricates the skin, may be one of the reasons for the formation of wrinkles that accompanies old age. Sebaceous glands are present over the entire body except on the _______ They are especially prevalent on the ______ and face; around such openings as the nose, mouth, external ear, and ____; and on the upper back.
Sebum
Androgens
Increase
Souls of the feet and palms of the hands
Scalp
Anus
Hair is found on nearly all parts of the body except for the lips, nipples, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and parts of the external _________. The visible part of the hair is the (8) hair _____; the part that is embedded in the dermis is the hair _____. The root, together with its coverings, forms the (9) hair ____.
Genitalia
Shaft
Root
Follicle
At the bottom of the hair follicle is a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering called the (10) ______. The cluster of epithelial cells lying over the papilla reproduces and is responsible for the eventual formation of the hair ______. As long as these cells remain alive, hair will regenerate even if it is cut, plucked, or otherwise removed. ______ (baldness) occurs when the hairs of the scalp are not replaced because of death of the papillae (singular, papilla).
Like skin color, hair color is related to the amount of pigment produced by epidermal melanocytes. Melanocytes are found at the base of the ____. Melanin ranges in color from yellow to reddish brown to black. Varying amounts of melanin produce hair ranging in color from blond to brunette to black; the more abundant the melanin, the darker the hair. Heredity and aging affect melanin levels. A decrease or an absence of ____ causes loss of hair color.
Papilla
Shaft
Alopecia
Hair follicle
Melanin
___protect the tips of the fingers and toes from bruises and injuries. Each nail is formed in the (1) nail ___ and is composed of _____, stratified, squamous epithelial cells producing a very tough covering. As the nail grows, it stays attached and slides forward over the layer of ____ called the (2) nailbed. This epithelial layer is continuous with the epithelium of the skin. Most of the (3) nail body appears pink because of the underlying vascular tissue. The half-moon–shaped area at the base of the nail, the (4) _____, is the region where new growth occurs. The lunula has a whitish appearance because the vascular tissue underneath does not show through.
Nails
Root
Keratinized
Epithelium
Lunula
Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune
• Skin is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens into the body.
Cardiovascular
• Cutaneous blood vessels dilate and constrict to help regulate _____.
Digestive
• Skin absorbs vitamin D (produced when skin is exposed to sunlight), which is needed for intestinal absorption of _____.
• Excess calories are stored as ____
Endocrine
• The subcutaneous layer of the skin stores adipose tissue when _____ secretions cause excess carbohydrate intake to be stored as fat.
Body temperature
Calcium
Subcutaneous
Fat
Insulin
Female Reproductive
• _____ receptors provide pleasurable sensations associated with sexual behavior.
• Skin stretches to accommodate the growing fetus during pregnancy.
Male Reproductive
• Receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli.
Musculoskeletal
• Skin synthesizes the vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium, which is essential for ______
• Skin also synthesizes the vitamin D needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of bones.
Subcutaneous
Muscle contraction
Nervous
• Cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
Respiratory
• Skin temperature may influence respiratory rate. As temperature increases, respiratory rate may_____
• Hairs of the nasal cavity filter particles from inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract.
Urinary
• Skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and _____ wastes in the form of perspiration
Also Increase
Nitrogenous
CF for fat
abnormal condition of fat; an abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue in the body.
A fatty lump
Inflammation of fat
Adip/o, lip/o,steat/o
adip/osis
Lipoma
Steatitis
Root words for skin
Pertaining to under the skin
Surgical repair of the skin
Pertaining to be below the skin
Cutane/o, dermat/o
Derm/o
Subcutaneous
Dermatoplasty
Hypodermic
CFs for sweat
Sweat gland inflammation
the body’s physiological means to regulate body temperature, through sweat
Sudor/o , hidr/o Hidradenitis
Sudoresis
CF for dry, scaly
any of several dermatological abnormal conditions in which the skin is dry and hardened (_____), resembling fish scales. A mild form, called winter itch, is commonly seen on the legs of older patients, especially during the winter months.
CF for horny tissue, cornea, hard
a thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin, such as a callus or wart.
Ichthy/o
hyperkeratotic
Kerat/o
Keratosis
Melan/o: black
_____ is a malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can _____ widely.
CF for fungal
Dermatomycosis is :
Melanoma metastasize
Myc/o
Fungus on the skin
CFs for nail
Softening of the nail
Pertaining to the nail
Onych/o, ungu/o
Onychomalacia
Ungual
