Diseases Flashcards
What happens to the foot with laminitis?
-Systemic Hypertension causes increased bloodflow to the foot which eventually cuts off circulation do to swelling of the sensitive lamina which eventually splits from the insensitive lamina. The coffin bone then rotates downward.
What changes in appesance can be expected in laminitis?
Heels grow long and irregular, the sole will separate from the sensitive lamina and cause an abscess.
What are some signs of acute laminits?
inflammation will cause severe pain and reluctance to move, pounding digital pulses, hoof walls hot.
What can you do to treat laminitis?
- Reduce inflammation with NASAIDS (Phenylbutazone,banamine)
- increase bloodflow with vasodialators such as acepromazine and isoxsuprine
- mechanical support of P3 with frog pads or heart bar shoes
- Dorsal Wall Resection
- Tendonectomy
What is Dorsal Wall Resection?
Front of the hoof is cut free from the rest of the hoof
How can you nurse laminitis?
Provide deep bedding (sand or peat moss), limit movement,sub-solar abscesses will require daily soaking and bandaging, feed grass hay, no grain.
How long can recovery take?
weeks to months
How often should a laminitis animal be seen by a veterinarian?
at least every 10 days
How can laminitis be prevented?
Avoid grazing on lush spring pasteurs for more than 1-2 hours per day. don’t over feed, avoid working horses on hard surfaces for long periods of time.
What should you do if the horse doesn’t pass it’s placenta after 12 hours?
call the vet
What is colic?
Abdominal pain
What are symptoms of colic?
Restlessness, anxiety, agitation, flank watching and biting, kicking abdomen, getting up down and rolling, sweat and grinding teeth, distended abdomen, increased vitals, hi sounds increased, decreased or absent. Saw horse stance or dog sitting. Nasal reflux of 0-15 liters. Diarrhea.
What will the mucous membranes look like in a horse with colic?
Pale, bright, brick red, cyanotic
What is the toxic line in colic horses?
Red or blue line in gums above teeth.
What are some causes of colic?
Excessive gas, spasmodic colic, gastric ulcers, parasite infection, GI obstruction, ileus, colitis
What is ileus?
GI motility is stopped
How would you manage colic?
IV fluid, anti inflammatory, mineral oil, motility drugs, anti ulcer medication, monitor, walk
What should you monitor in colic horses?
Vitals, gut sounds, fecal output, hydration with PVC and TP, reflux, digital pulses
What is salmonellosis?
To much salmonella bacteria. Contagious and zoonotic
What are fomites?
Ways for bacteria to spread
What are some causes of salmonellosis?
Stress, sudden change in feed, antibiotics, illness, surgery, immunosuppression, nosocomial origin.
What are symptoms of salmonellosis?
Similar to colitis, acute profuse foul smelling diarrhea, fever, anorexia, often neutropenia
How do you manage salmonellosis?
Isolation, Iv fluid with electrolytes and LRS, plasma transfusion if hypoprotiemia is present, feed free choice hay
Should you use antibiotics with salmonellosis?
No
What is bloat/ruminal typany?
Acute distinction of the rumen with gas or froth mixed with ingesta.
How would you relieve bloat?
Pass a stomach tube, surfactant, or trocar
What is a trocar?
Hollow tube placed into left flank
What is surfactant do for bloat?
Breaks down froth in rumen
What are two causes of bloat?
Frothy and free gas bloat
What is frothy bloat caused by?
Feeding on legume pasteurs (alfalfa and clovers) or a high grain diet
What causes free gas bloat?
Obstruction and failure to eructate
What is rumen acidosis?
Excessive qualities of highly fermentable carbs such as grain case bacteria in the rumen to make lactic acid
Does excess lactic acid decrease or increase the PH of the rumen?
Decreases as low as 5
What are some signs of rumen acidosis?
Toxemia, D, DH, Distended rumen (sloshing and trickling sounds), ataxia, Recumbency, death
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Lactic acid leaking into the blood stream
How would you treat rumen acidousis?
Antibiotics to decrease production of acid, IV fluids to neutralize metabolic acidousis. Mild cases: feed hay, give Mg Hydroxide or NA bicarbonate into rumen
What is vagus indigestion?
Vagus nerve slows GI tract and heart rate
What are signs of hardware disease? (9)
Decreased milk, anorexia, hunching up in back, grunting, increased HR, reluctance to move, ketosis, decreased fecal output and rumen contractions
How do you treat hardware disease?
Antibiotics, banamine, magnets, surgery
What is a bigger problem now in hardware disease?
Plastic burs fibers have replaced wire as main cause
What are five causes if acute diarrhea in cattle?
Coccidiosis, dietary gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, acute bovine viral diarrhea, winter dysentery/cornoavirus
What 7 causes of chronic diarrhea adult cattle?
GI parasites, Johne’s disease, chronic BVD, chronic salmonellosis, bovine lymphoma virus, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease
What are the two parasites that cause diarrhea in cattle?
Ostertagia ostertagia (brown stomach worm) and nematodirus spp
What do ostertagia parasites do?
Burrow into the abomasum wall and cause cysts in glands that produce acid which will cause diarrhea
What are the signs of ostertagiasis? (5)
Poor feed, weightloss, pale mucous membranes, diarrhea, dependent anemia
What is the definition of vaccine?
Preparations of killed or attenuated microbes administered to activate the immune system against those microbes
What is a toxoid?
A toxin that has been treated to destroy its toxic properties but allow an immune response to form antibodies.
what vaccines do the AAEP recommend?
Tetanus, E/W/V Equine encephalitis, west Nile, rabies
When is equine influenza most common?
Horses ages 1-3 years
When is equine influenza more frequent?
Winter and spring
Where is equine influenza most common?
Where there is high movement of horses
How is equine influenza spread?
Air borne, direct contact between horses
What are some signs of equine influenza?
Lethargy/depression, fever, dry cough, increased lung sounds, watery nasal discharge, anorexia, constipation, muscle soreness
How can you manage equine influenza?
Isolation, keep horse warm and well ventilated, avoid stress,
Is there a vaccine for equine influenza?
Yes
What form is the vaccine available in for equine influenza?
Intranasal and injection.
Whas a draw back about intranasal injection with equine influenza?
Revaccinate every 2-3 months
What is equine tetanus also known as?
Lock jaw
What causes lock jaw?
Clostridium tetani, which is. Normal inhabitant of the gut
Are clostridium tetani aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
What are signs of equine tetanus? (7)
Stiff gait, restricted jaw movements, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, anxious, sensibility to sounds, opisthotonos, death from asphyxia
How long is the course of equine tetanus?
5-10days
What is the tetanus toxoid?
Inactivated toxin that is injected to stimulate immune response to protect the horse against the toxjn
What is the tetanus antitoxin?
Preformed antibiotics injected to treat the disease
What are the two strains of rhinopneumonitis or equine herpes virus?
EHV-1 and EHV-4
What does EHV-1 do?
Causes abortion storms in mares and neurological disease
What does EHV-4 do?
Causes respiratory disease in young horses and rarely abortion
What are two signs of EHV-4?
Lung sounds and possible swollen lymphnodes
How do you manage EHV?
Warmth, isolation, no stress, brief exercise
When should pregnant mares be vaccinated for EHV?
5,7, and 9 months
What causes strangles or equine distemper?
Streptococcus equi
How is strangles transferred?
Direct contact with infected secretions and easily transmitted via fomites.
What are signs of strangles?
Fever, copious purulent nasal discharge, swelling and abscess formation in lymph nodes of head and neck
What are the three types if lymph nodes effected by strangles?
Submaxillary, submandibular, and retro pharyngeal.
How do you manage strangles?
Isolate, hot pack and lance, fluids and feed, warmth, antipyretic a and antibodies
What are the three strains that cause equine encephalitis?
EEE, WEE, VEE
How is the sleeping sickness transmitted?
Birds are the natural hosts, bitten by Mosquitos and then the mosquitoes bites the horse
What are the signs of the sleeping sickness?
Severe depression, anorexia, convulsions, death
What percent of horses die from the sleeping sickness?
19-90%
What animals are hosts to the west mile virus?
Mosquitoes, cullcoid flies, and bird
What animals are dead end hosts to the West Nile virus?
Crows, jays, humans, and horses
What are signs dumb rabies?
Depression, anorexia
What are signs of rage rabies?
Aggressive behavior and very rare
What is Potomac horse fever also known as?
Monocystic erlichiosis
What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia resticii
How is Potomac horse fever transferred?
Aquatic insects
When is it peak time and incubation period for Potomac horse fever?
June to August and 9-12 days
What tests can be used to find Potomac horse fever?
ELISA-blood, IFA-blood, and PCR-blood and Feces
What are the signs of Potomac horse fever?
Depression, anorexia, fever, decreased gut sounds, abdominal pain and diarrhea, mares will have late abortion
How do you manage Potomac horse fever?
Oxytetracycline, aggressive fluid therapy with balanced electrolytes, salmellosis, vaccines
Does Potomac horse fever have a vaccine?
Yes
What is equine infection anemia also known as?
Swamp fever
Where can EIA be found?
In blood, semen, and tissues
How is EIA transmitted?
Anthropoids, blood transfusion, dirty needles
How do you diagnose EIA?
Coffins test
What is the coffins test?
Serum is analyzed for antibodies
What are the signs of EIA?
Fever, depression, anemia, anorexia
What horses are required to get the coffins test?
Horses traveling, race horses, show horses, horses being sold
Is there a cure for EIA?
No cure, always a carrier
What is Johne’s disease?
Chronic diarrhea and wasting
Is Johne’s disease curable or terminal?
Terminal
What age do cows become susceptible to Johne’s disease?
Greater than six months, infected by oral/fecal route
When do clinical signs appear?
After 2 years of age
How is Johne’s disease controlled?
Tests, animals showing signs are culled, calves get pasteurized milk or milk replacer, keep calves clean and isolated, vaccination
What cows are effected by bovine viral diarrhea?
All cows
What are signs of bovine viral diarrhea?
Fever, depression, anorexia, oral and GI ulcers, diarrhea sometimes with blood and mucous. Uterine infection, abortion, and birth defects
What are the two types of bovine viral diarrhea?
Non-cytopathic strain and cytopathic strain
Why do secondary infections occur with BVD?
Because it suppresses the immune system
What causes mucosal disease?
Cytopathic BVD
What strain of BVD effects fetuses?
Non cytopathic.
When does non cytopathic BVD effect a fetus?
Between 80 and 125 days of gestation.
What does non cytopathic do to a fetus?
Calf is immunotolerant range if the virus
When does salmonellosis normally appear?
When there is an outbreak if acute diarrhea, especially if outbreak coincides with a change of feed, water, or flooding
How is testing done with salmonellosis?
Culturing feces
Is salmellosis is zoonotic?
Yes
What are signs of salmonellosis?
Weightloss, hypoprotiemia, leukopenia, and electrolyte imbalance while severe cases have abortion, septicemia, endotoxins shock and death
How can salmonellosis be managed?
Supportive care, antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs, isolation or cull
What is bovine respiratory disease?
Complex of viral, bacterial infection, and stress
What cattle are most likely effected?
Beef calves during first 45 days at feedlot and dairy calves less than 6 months of age
What comes first during BRD, bacterial or viral infection?
Viral
What viruses are included in BRD?
Bovine rhinotiacheitis, BVD, parainfluenza virus, bovine respiratory corona virus
What are the signs of BRD?
Depression, lowered head, 104-107 degrees, mucho purulent nasal and ocular discharge, high mortality
How do you treat BRD?
Early diagnosis and isolation, prevention
How do you prevent BRD?
Metaphylaxis and pre conditioning cows
What is metaphylaxis?
Injecting cattle with a broad spectrum, long acting antibiotics on arrival to feed lot
What is preconditioning of cattle?
Dehorning, vaccinations, caste rations before getting to feed lot
What can cause mycoplasma mastitis later in life?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Is there a vaccine for mycoplasma pneumonia?
Yes
How often is lameness in cattle found in the foot?
88%
Upper leg problems account for what percent of lameness in cattle?
12%
What are five upper leg problems in cattle?
Stifle injuries, fractures, hip luxations, arthritis
What is interdigital necrobacillosis or foot rot?
Infection of interdigital skin and underlying tissues.
What can severe cases if foot rot cause?
Septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and chronic lameness
How can you treat foot rot?
Aggressive topical treatment, debridement, bandage with antiseptic ointment.
What are two non steroidal anti inflammatories?
Banamine and aspirin
What is papilloma toys digital dermatitis or hairy heel warts?
Superficial inflammation of the tissues of the heel that then become leisions. The granulation tissue forms with a shaggy appearance.
Is hairy heel warts contagious?
Yes
How do you treat hairy heel warts?
Antibiotics and triplex: solubolized Cu; a proxy compound and cationic agent.
Hat can cause bovine laminitis?
Grain overload, Merritt’s uterine infection, mastitis, ketosis, abomasal displacement
What is blackleg and malignant edema caused by?
Infection with anaerobic bacteria in the clostridium family
Which bacteria causes black leg?
Clostridium chauvoei
Which bacteria causes malignant edema?
Clostridium septicum
What are some signs of black leg and malignant edema?
High fever, lameness, swollen muscle mass contains gas and sounds like crepituce, death
How do you treat black legs or malignant edema?
Debridment and penicillin
When should calves be vaccinated for black leg or malignant edema?
Every two months and booster at 4-6 weeks
What is bovine lymphosarcoma?
Most common neoplasticism disease of cattle, tumor can develope on lymph node.
How would you diagnose bovine.lymphosarcoma?
CBC, lymph node aspirate, analysis of suspected fluid
Is there treatment for bovine lymphosarcoma?
No, always fatal
What is anaplasmosis?
Intraerythrocytic parasite, carried by ticks
What are some symptoms of anaplasmosis?
Severe anemia, sudden death
Is there. Vaccine for anaplasmosis?
No
What drug is used to treat anaplasmosis?
Tetracycline
Is anthrax zoonotic?
Yes
What does oxytocin do to the body?
Let’s milk down, causes uterus contractions, mothering behavior
What is most common in dairy cows?
Mastitis
What are the two types of mastitis?
Contagious and environmental
How many bacteria does contagious mastitis have?
4
How many bacteria does environmental mastitis have?
5
What is contagious mastitis?
Organisms spread from one utter to another by contaminated equipment or a calf
What is environmental mastitis?
Bacteria in environment and grain access to utter.
What are the risk factors for mastitis?
Most occur during early lactation, high milk producing cows, poor sanitation
What are the signs of mastitis?
Abnormal milk, swollen and painful, chronic cases have fibrous atrophied glands and gangrene
What does gangrene mastitis look like?
Gland has distinc blue line with normal tissue on one side and dead tissue on another. The effected portion will be cold.
How can you treat mastitis?
Intramammory/or systemic antibiotics, frequent milking,supportive treatment and sometimes amputate
What is a good milking technique?
Pre dip, wipe off, dip after milking, then treat with dry antibiotic
