diseases

Question 1

Abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues, often the limbs; 70%90% cases in women; can be caused by developmental defects, disease, or damage to the lymphatic system

Answer 1

lymphedema

Question 2

Cancer of lymphocytes that often begins in lymph nodes; immune system becomes depressed, with increased susceptibility to infections

Answer 2

lymphoma

Question 3

Symptoms occur within a few minutes of exposure to an antigen because antibodies are already present from prior exposure

Answer 3

immediate allergic reactions

Question 4

Antigen combines with antibodies on mast cells or basophils in the lungs, which then release inflammatory chemicals that cause constriction of the air tubes, so that the patient has trouble breathing

Answer 4

asthma

Question 5

Systemic allergic reaction, often resulting from insect stings or drugs such as penicillin; chemicals released from mast cells and basophils cause systemic vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, drop in blood pressure, and possibly death

Answer 5

anaphylaxis

Question 6

Symptoms occur in hours to days following exposure to the antigen because these types of reactions involve migration of T cells to the antigen, followed by release of cytokines

Answer 6

Delayed allergic reactions

Question 7

Life-threatening disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 7

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 8

Congenital; both B cells and T cells fail to form; unless patient kept in a sterile environment or provided with a compatible bone marrow transplant, death from infection results

Answer 8

scid

Question 9

Inflammation of the endocardium; affects the valves more severely than other areas of the endocardium; may lead to scarring, causing stenosed or incompetent valves

Answer 9

endocarditis

Question 10

Disease of the myocardium of unknown cause or occurring secondarily to other disease; results in weakened cardiac muscle, causing all chambers of the heart to enlarge; may eventually lead to congestive heart failure

Answer 10

cardiomyopathy

Question 11

Results from a streptococcal infection in young people; toxin produced by the bacteria can cause rheumatic fever several weeks after the infection that can result in rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 11

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 12

Reduces the amount of blood the coronary arteries can deliver to the myocardium; see Clinical Impact, “Heart Attack”

Answer 12

Coronary heart disease

Question 13

Formation of blood clot in a coronary artery

Answer 13

coronary thrombosis

Question 14

Hole in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart, allowing blood to flow from one side of the heart to the other and greatly reducing the heart’s pumping effectiveness

Answer 14

Septal defect

Question 15

Ductus arterious fails to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk under a higher pressure, which damages the lungs; also, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate systemic pressure

Answer 15

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 16

Heart rate in excess of 100 beats per minute (bpm)

Answer 16

tachycardio

Question 17

Heart rate less than 60 bpm

Answer 17

bradycardia

Question 18

Heart rate varies as much as 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration

Answer 18

sinus arrhythmia

Question 19

Stem cell defect of unknown cause; results in overproduction of red blood cells, granulocytes, and platelets; signs include low erythropoietin levels and enlarged spleen; increased blood viscosity and blood volume can cause clogging of the capillaries and hypertension

Answer 19

primary erythrocytosis

Question 20

Overabundance of red blood cells resulting from decreased oxygen supply, as occurs at high altitudes, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or in congestive heart failure; decreased oxygen delivery to the kidney stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin, resulting in increased blood viscosity and blood volume that can cause clogging of the capillaries and hypertension

Answer 20

secondary erythrocytosis

Question 21

Clotting throughout the vascular system

Answer 21

dic

Question 22

Most common inherited bleeding disorder; platelet plug formation and the contribution of activated platelets to blood clotting are impaired; treatments are injection of von Willebrand factor or administration of drugs that increase von Willebrand factor levels in blood, which helps platelets adhere to collagen and become activated

Answer 22

von willebrand disease

Question 23

Genetic disorder in which clotting is abnormal or absent; each of the several types results from deficiency or dysfunction of a clotting factor; most often a sex-linked trait that occurs almost exclusively in males (see chapter

Answer 23

hemophilia

Question 24

Spread of microorganisms and their toxins by the blood; often the result of a medical procedure, such as insertion of an intravenous tube; release of toxins by bacteria can cause septic shock, producing decreased blood pressure

Answer 24

septicemia

Question 25

Caused by a protozoan introduced into blood by the Anopheles mosquito; symptoms include chills and fever produced by toxins released when the protozoan causes red blood cells to rupture

Answer 25

malaria

Question 26

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, which infects salivary glands and lymphocytes; symptoms include fever, sore throat, and

Answer 26

Infectious mononucleosis