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BS240—Microorganisms & their Human Hosts > Disease, Transmission & S. aureus > Flashcards

Disease, Transmission & S. aureus Flashcards

1
Q

define infection

A

pathogens overcome body’s natural resistance, multiply and become established in the body

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2
Q

when do we see signs and symptoms?

A

when the body mounts a response to an infection

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3
Q

define infectious

A

able to be transmitted from one host to another

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4
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the harm that the pathogen is doing to the host

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5
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholera and HIV?

A

V. cholera: destroys epithelium of sm. intestine

HIV: destroys helper T-cells

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6
Q

define pathogenicity

A

pathogen’s ability to cause disease in the host

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7
Q

define virulence

A

measure of pathogenicity

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8
Q

define virulence factor

A

what the pathogen uses to cause harm in the host

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9
Q

what can virulence factors be?

A

enzyme, molecule, toxin, particular structure

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10
Q

define infectious dose

A

number of microbes needed to establish an infection in the host

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11
Q

a lower infectious dose for a microbe is (easier/harder) to transmit

A

easier

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12
Q

infectious dose for enterohemorrhagic type of E. coli

infectious dose for V. cholera

A

10 cells

1000 to 1 million cells

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13
Q

6 modes of transmission

A

direct contact

indirect contact

droplet

airborne

contaminated food & water

vectorborne

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14
Q

fecal-oral is a type of _______ transmission

A

direct contact

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15
Q

what is a fomite and what type of transmission is it involved with?

A

inanimate object that could harbor microbes

indirect contact

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16
Q

what is direct transmission?

A

skin & mucous membrane contact between hosts

touching, kissing, sex

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17
Q

what is indirect contact transmission?

A

transfer of microbes via inanimate objects

18
Q

what is droplet transmission?

A

droplets (coughing, sneezing) settle onto a surface, or could be inhaled while in midair

19
Q

what is airborne transmission?

A

very small droplets dry out in the air and become suspended there

20
Q

what is cross-contamination?

A

pathogens from one food source transferred to another

21
Q

raw poultry meat contains which bacteria?

A

Salmonella sp.

22
Q

what is vectorborne transmission?

what usually serves as a vector?

A

Living organism carries pathogen & transmits it to host

arthropod - mosquito, fly, tick, flea

23
Q

what is a biological vector?

A

arthropod plays vital role in pathogen’s life cycle

24
Q

What is S. aureus’ Gram and shape?

A

Gram +

coccus

25
Q

what can a staph infection cause? (6)

A

food poisoning

wound infections

toxic shock syndrome

impetigo

scalded skin syndrome

folliculitis

26
Q

how can staph be transmitted?

A

direct

indirect

droplet

27
Q

2 main varieties of MRSA

A

community associated

healthcare/hospital associated

28
Q

staph favors the ______ mucosa

A

nasal

29
Q

__% of people are colonized with staph, and ______% with MRSA

A

40%

10-15%

30
Q

what are bacteremia and septicemia

A

bacteremia - bacteria grow in blood

septicemia - bacteria and/or their toxins reach blood

31
Q

staph’s 7 virulence factors

A

capsule

coagulase

clumping factor

enterotoxin

ALPHA toxin

leukocidin

exfoliatin

32
Q

what does a capsule do for staph?

A

helps in evading phagocytosis

33
Q

what is the function of coagulase?

A

activates prothrombin

causes blood to clot

protects bacteria from immune cells

evading phagocytosis

34
Q

what is the function of clumping factor?

A

allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and clots

35
Q

which virulence factors make it easy for staph to infect humans?

A

coagulase

clumping factor

36
Q

what does enterotoxin cause?

A

if ingested - food poisoning

in blood - toxic shock syndrome

37
Q

what are signs and symptoms of TSS

A

Diarrhea, ill feeling, headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, organ failure, death

Hallmark: very red eyes, mouth, throat, skin

38
Q

TSS used to be caused by…

but is now mainly caused by…

A

tampons left in too long

packed wounds that aren’t changed

39
Q

what is the function of ALPHA toxin?

A

pokes holes in plasma membranes

40
Q

which virulence factor of staph causes necrosis?

what is necrosis?

A

ALPHA toxin

tissue death

41
Q

what is the function of leukocidin?

A

kills WBCs, especially neutrophils

42
Q

what is the function of exfoliatin?

what does it cause?

A

separates layers of epidermis

scalded skin syndrome

BS240—Microorganisms & their Human Hosts (5 decks)

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