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BS240—Microorganisms & their Human Hosts > Bacterial A & P > Flashcards

Bacterial A & P Flashcards

1
Q

6 major bacteria shapes

A

coccus

coccobacillus

bacillus

vibrio

spirillium

spirochete

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2
Q

spherical shape

A

coccus

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3
Q

semispherical shape

A

coccobacillus

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4
Q

cylindrical shape

A

bacillus

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5
Q

sausage shaped

A

vibrio

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6
Q

wavy shape

A

spirillium

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7
Q

corkscrew shape

A

spirochete

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8
Q

innermost cell layer (membrane)

A

cytoplasmic membrane/cell envelope

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9
Q

cytoplasmic membrane composed of…

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

function of cytoplasmic membrane

A

electron transport chain site

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11
Q

cell walls contain __________; unique to bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

gram + and gram - are distinguished based on ____ ____ anatomy

A

cell wall

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13
Q

Gram __ is pink

Gram __ is purple

A

negative is pink

positive is purple

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14
Q

gram + walls have a ______ PG layer and contain…

A

thick

teichoic acid

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15
Q

teichoic acid is necessary in…

A

wall construction & cell division

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16
Q

teichoic acid & thick PG layer present in gram __ walls

A

positive

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17
Q

gram - cell walls have a _____ PG layer

A

thin

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18
Q

gram __ cell walls have an outer membrane over the PG layer

A

negative

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19
Q

the gram - cell wall’s outer membrane is composed of _____________, which is composed of _________ and _________

A

lipopolysaccharide

Lipid A

O antigen

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20
Q

Lipid A is a…

A

toxin

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21
Q

O antigen helps us…

A

determine strain of bacteria

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22
Q

gel like material between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram - cell walls

A

periplasm

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23
Q

other possible outer cell layers

A

capsule & slime layer

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24
Q

function of capsule and slime layer

A

help bacteria form biofilms

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25
Q

capsule and slime layer are composed of…

A

glycocalyx

polypeptides

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26
Q

what is a biofilm?

A

structure/environment where cells live together

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27
Q

3 outer cell structures

A

flagella

pili

fimbriae

28
Q

function of flagella

29
Q

flagella are found in _______ cells

30
Q

bacteria move in a _________ movement

A

run and tumble

31
Q

4 flagellar arrangements

A

monotrichous

lophotrichous

amphitrichous

peritrichous

32
Q

monotrichous arrangement

A

one flagellum

33
Q

lophotrichous arrangement

A

multiple flagella on one end

34
Q

amphitrichous arrangement

A

one flagellum on each end

35
Q

peritrichous arrangement

A

multiple flagella all around cell

36
Q

function of pili

A

connection with other cells

37
Q

a pilus connecting two cells

A

conjugated pilus

38
Q

____ are used for movement to a lesser extent

39
Q

function of fimbriae

A

surface attachment

40
Q

concentrated mass of DNA in cytoplasm

41
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small circular structures of supercoiled DNA in cytoplasm

42
Q

plasmids code for…

A

enzymes, toxins, antibiotic resistance

43
Q

function of storage granules

A

energy storage

44
Q

function of gas vesicles

A

buoyancy in a liquid medium

45
Q

genera which produce endospores

A
  • Bacillus*
  • Clostridium*
46
Q

what is an endospore?

A

tough, nonreproductive structure created when vegetative cell is starved of essential nutrients

47
Q

deficiency of these nutrients can cause sporulation

A

Carbon

Nitrogen

Water

48
Q

process by which an endospore is formed

A

sporulation

49
Q

first steps of sporulation

A

cell reduces its size and concentrates its DNA

50
Q

second step of sporulation

A

a thick outer crust is formed

51
Q

purpose of endospore

A

for a cell to remain viable in unfavorable conditions until conditions become favorable again

52
Q

endospores can be destroyed by high…

A

heat and pressure

53
Q

an active cell

A

vegetative

54
Q

function of ribosomes

A

site of protein translation

55
Q

bacteria have ___ ribosomes

56
Q

“70” in 70s refers to…

A

rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge

57
Q

large subunit: __s

small subunit: __s

58
Q

explain endosymbiosis

A

larger prokaryotic ancestors of eukaryotes engulfed smallar prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts

they developed a symbiotic relationship, with the smaller cell producing energy for the larger one

over time the smaller cells became mitochondria & chloroplasts

59
Q

endosymbiosis allowed larger prokaryote to _______ and become _______

A

diversify

eukaryotic

60
Q

3 evidences of endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria have 70s ribosomes, like bacteria; eukaryotes have 80s

mitochondria contain 2 membranes, and inner membrane is the site of electron transport chain, like bacteria

mitochondrial DNA is in circular formation, like bacteria

61
Q

two mitochondrial membranes and origins

A

cristae - inner - originally cytoplasmic membrane of smaller prokaryote

outer membrane - came from larger prokaryote that engulfed the smaller

62
Q

mitochondrial DNA is passed down _______ because…

A

maternally

the egg contributes mitochondria to the zygote, but the sperm does not

63
Q

process of bacterial growth

A

binary fission

64
Q

time it take for binary fission to occur

A

generation time

65
Q

average generation time

A

20 minutes

BS240—Microorganisms & their Human Hosts (5 decks)

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