Disease Reporting

Question 1

what are 3 things to consider when determining the level of disease in a population

Answer 1

host
spatial factors
temporal factors

Question 2

what is the shape of the epidemic curve used to do

Answer 2

provide info on the probable time of exposure based on the incubation period for the disease

Question 3

what is the time between acquisition of infection to appearance of clinical signs and symptoms

Answer 3

incubation period

Question 4

what does the shape of the epidemic curve give information on

Answer 4

type of epidemic source responsible

Question 5

what are the 3 basic curves of disease

Answer 5

point epidemic (point source)
continuous common source epidemic
propagating epidemic

Question 6

what is a point source epidemic curve

Answer 6

large number of cases in the population exposed during a short time period

Question 7

true or false:
in a point source curve, subjects are subjected to the same brief exposure over a limited defined time period, usually within 1 incubation period

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is characteristic of a point source curve

Answer 8

rises rapidly
definite peak
decline once the point source is removed, no new cases

Question 9

what is a continuous common source curve

Answer 9

exposure to the source is prolonged over an extended period of time and may occur over greater than 1 incubation period

Question 10

what is characteristic of a continuous common source

Answer 10

down slope that may be very sharp if the source is removed or gradual if the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself

Question 11

which curve occurs when disease is introduced through a single source of infection in 1 animal or person

Answer 11

propagating epidemic curve

Question 12

what is the temporal dimension of an endemic

Answer 12

disease occurs at expected frequency

Question 13

what is the temporal dimension of an epidemic

Answer 13

disease occurs at greater than expected frequency

Question 14

what is a sporadic disease

Answer 14

small number of cases observed during a short period of time

Question 15

what are common characteristics of sporadic disease

Answer 15

disease occurs rarely and without regularity
no secondary cases

Question 16

what uses the information on patterns of disease occurrence obtained from temporal occurrence data

Answer 16

time series analysis

Question 17

what are pattern of disease occurrences influenced by

Answer 17

1. short term typical epidemic curves
2. cyclical (seasonal)
3. secular trend (long term trend)

Question 18

what is a cyclical trend

Answer 18

rise and fall of disease over greater than 1 year

associated with regular, periodic fluctuations in level of disease occurrences

Question 19

what are special case cyclical trends due to

Answer 19

host density
management practice
vector borne disease
infectious agent survival

Question 20

what is a secular trend

Answer 20

data reflects an overall increase or decrease in incidence occurring gradually over long time periods

Question 21

what are the characteristics of a host distribution of a disease

Answer 21

age, sex, breed
immune status
population dynamics

Question 22

what is described as the developement of new cases within a relatively healthy population

Answer 22

incidence

Question 23

what is the proportion of the population at a given time that have the factor of interest

Answer 23

prevalence

Question 24

what is the measure of the proportion of the population that develops disease at the start of an outbreak among the total exposed

Answer 24

attack rate

Question 25

what is the number of animals with a disease measured at a single point in time

Answer 25

point prevalence

Question 26

what is the number of animals with a disease at any time during a specified time period

Answer 26

period prevalence

Question 27

what is the relationship between incidence and prevalence

Answer 27

prevalence = incidence x duration of disease

Question 28

what can affect prevalence

Answer 28

change in incidence
duration

Question 29

what is prevalence the most important measure of

Answer 29

the burden of disease in the population and is thus useful in developing health policies

Question 30

what would we use to predict population’s health status and assess the probability that an individual animal within a population at risk may develop the disease of interest

Answer 30

incidence

Question 31

what is used for spatial distribution

Answer 31

data visualisation
data description
data modeling

Question 32

what is an example of data visualization

Answer 32

aerial maps

Question 33

what is the con of data visualization

Answer 33

there is no indication of when disease has occured

Question 34

what is used to measure disease occurrence in time and space

Answer 34

data description - cluster analysis

Question 35

what are the pros of cluster analysis with data description

Answer 35

geographical identification
being able to define
based on time-location

Question 36

what is data modeling used for

Answer 36

used to plan health policies

Question 37

what is the basic reproduction number

Answer 37

the number of secondary cases by the presence of one infected individual

Question 38

what is a set of uniformly applied criteria for a particular disease

Answer 38

case definition

Question 38

what is the effective reproduction number

Answer 38

average number of people that would be infected by a single infectious person

Question 39

what is a measure of the frequency with which new cases occur over a specified time period

Answer 39

incidence

Question 39

what is the number of cases that are present in a given population

Answer 39

prevalence