Disease of thyroid gland Flashcards
What are the metabolic symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
The metabolic symptoms of hyperthyroidism include an increased metabolic rate, weight loss despite increased appetite, and heat intolerance
How does hyperthyroidism affect the skin and hair?
Hyperthyroidism leads to increased sebaceous gland and sweat gland secretion causing sweating, and it stimulates hair follicle growth
What are the cardiovascular symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism?
Cardiovascular symptoms of hyperthyroidism include tachycardia, increased contractility, arrhythmia, and systolic hypertension
How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed through laboratory investigations?
Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed by low TSH levels and high T4 and T3 levels in primary hyperthyroidism, whereas in secondary hyperthyroidism, both TSH and T4/T3 levels are elevated
What are the primary and secondary causes of hypothyroidism?
Primary causes of hypothyroidism include
-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
-subacute granulomatous thyroiditis,
-Reidel’s thyroiditis,
-congenital hypothyroidism,
- iodine deficiency, and
- certain drugs.
Secondary causes are typically due to
-pituitary tumors,
-pituitary infarction, or
- hypothalamic trauma/compression
What are the clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include
-a low metabolic rate,
-weight gain,
- cold intolerance,
-dry skin,
-alopecia,
- brittle nails,
-constipation, and
-proximal muscle weakness.
-Cardiovascular symptoms include bradycardia and low contractility
How is hypothyroidism diagnosed through laboratory investigations?
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed by high TSH levels and low T4/T3 levels in primary hypothyroidism, while in secondary or tertiary hypothyroidism, both TSH and T4/T3 levels are low
What is the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease?
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder where thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (IgG) bind to TSH receptors, stimulating the secretion of T4 and the proliferation of follicular cells, leading to diffuse thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia of follicular cells
What are the characteristic symptoms of Graves’ disease?
Symptoms of Graves’ disease include thyrotoxicosis, ophthalmopathy (exophthalmos), and dermopathy (pretibial myxedema)
What is the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antithyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, leading to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine-induced toxicity, which damages follicular cells and ceases thyroid function
What are the clinical features of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
-enlarged thyroid,
-dry skin, alopecia,
-brittle nails,
-weight gain,
-cold intolerance,
-fatigue,
lethargy, and
- slow reflexes.
Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of oncocytes (Hürthle cells) and lymphoid infiltration with follicles
What is a thyroid storm and what are its symptoms?
- extreme hypermetabolic state,
-high fever,
-tachycardia, - hypertension, and
- neurological symptoms such as agitation and delirium. It requires immediate medical intervention
