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Otorhinolaryngology > Disease of throat > Flashcards

Disease of throat Flashcards

1
Q

Wall of pharyngeal consist of 5 layers

A
  1. Mucosa membrane
  2. Submucosa
  3. Pharyngobasilar fascia
  4. Pharyngeal muscle
  5. Buccopharyngeal fascia
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2
Q

Pharyngeal muscle inverted by vagus nerve
(CN X)

A
  1. Salphingopharyngeus
  2. Palatopharyngeus
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3
Q

Pharyngeal muscle inverted by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

Stylopharyngeus

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4
Q

Primary responsible for constricting the pharynx during swallowing (Constrictor muscles)

A

External Circular layer

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5
Q

Elevate/shorten and widen the pharynx during swallowing and speaking

A

Internal Longitudinal layer

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6
Q

Blood supply of pharynx

A

Branches of the External Caroid Artery
1. Ascending pharyngeal
2. Ascending palatine
3. Tonsillar branches of the facial artery
4. Branches of the maxillary and lingual arteries
5. Pharyngeal brances of the inferior thyroid artery

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7
Q

Nasopharynx: Continuous surface that lies inferior to the body of the sphenoid bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone

A

Roof and posterior wall

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8
Q

Nasopharynx: Found in the mucous membrane of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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9
Q

Functions of the nasopharynx

A
  1. Airway
  2. Hearing, middle ear ventilation, maintains air pressure
  3. Resonance
  4. Drainage
  5. Prevent aspiration
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10
Q

Functions of the tonsils and adenoids

A
  1. Immunity
  2. Barrier to infection
  3. IgA antibody production
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11
Q

Laryngopharynx borders

A

✓ Posterior: related to the bodies of the C4-C6 vertebrae
✓ Posterior and lateral walls: middle and inferior constrictor muscles

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12
Q

Pharynx deglutiton phase

A
  1. Oral → voluntary (1 second)
  2. Pharyngeal → both (1 second)
  3. Esophageal → involuntary (8-20 seconds)
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13
Q

Pharyngeal phase reflex actions

A
  1. Closure of nasopharyngeal isthmus (soft palate raised against passavants ridge)
  2. Closure of oropharyngeal isthmus (palatoglossus muscle)
  3. Closure of laryngeal inlet (contraction of aryepiglottic folds
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14
Q

Esophageal phase definition

A

• Closure of cricopharyngeal sphincter
• Primary peristalsis of esophagus (contraction of circular muscles)
• Food moves down: relaxation of gastroesophageal sphincter and opens (CN X)
• Food enters the stomach: sphincter closes
• Note: secondary peristalsis due to esophageal distension (Auerbach’s plexus)

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15
Q

Adenoid Hyperplasia/Adenoiditis Etiology

A
  1. Physiological enlargement – 3-5 years of age (same children develop generalized lymphoid hyperplasia)
  2. Recurrent attacks of rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis
  3. Allergy of the upper respiratory tract
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16
Q

Adenoid facies clinical presentation

A
  1. Elongated face with dull expression
  2. Open mouth
  3. Prominent and crowded teeth
  4. Hitched up upper lip
  5. Pinched in appearance of nose
  6. High arched palate
17
Q

Acute Nasopharyngitis Clinical features

A
  1. Dryness and burning sensation of the throat above the soft palate
  2. Pain and discomfort localized to the back of nose with difficulty in swallowing
  3. In severe infection, there is fever and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
  4. Exam: congested and swollen mucosa often covered with whitish exudates
18
Q

Acute Nasopharyngitis Clinical features

A
  1. Dryness and burning sensation of the throat above the soft palate
  2. Pain and discomfort localized to the back of nose with difficulty in swallowing
  3. In severe infection, there is fever and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
  4. Exam: congested and swollen mucosa often covered with whitish exudates
19
Q

Infection of the pharyngeal bursa which is a median recess representing attachment of notochord to endoderm of primitive pharynx

A

Tornwald’s Disease

20
Q

Infection of the pharyngeal bursa which is a median recess representing attachment of notochord to endoderm of primitive pharynx

A

Tornwald’s Disease

21
Q

Examination apperance of Tornwald’s disease

A

Cystic and fluctuating swelling of the posterior wall of nasopharynx

22
Q

Examination apperance of Tornwald’s disease

A

Cystic and fluctuating swelling of the posterior wall of nasopharynx

23
Q

Persistent nasal discharge with crusting in nasopharynx

A

Tornwald’s disease

24
Q

Gross presentation of nasopharyngeal cancer

A

Proliferative, ulcerative, infiltrative types

25
Q

Genome studies in NPC

A
  1. HLA A2
  2. HLA B46
  3. HLA B17
26
Q

WHO Classification of NPC

A
  1. Keratinizing Squamous cell (25%)
  2. Non keratinizing squamous carcinoma (12%)
  3. Undifferentiated carcinomas (60%)
27
Q

Neurologic findings of patient with NPC

A

Neurologic (25-40%)
1. Headache
2. Facial pain
3. Xerophtalmia
4. Jugular foramen syndrome

28
Q

Lingual thorid definition

A
  1. Lingual thyroid tissue is associated with an absence of the normal cervical thyroid in 70% of cases
  2. May enlarge and cause dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea, or a sensation of choking
  3. Hypothyroidism
29
Q

Characterized by red, swollen tonsils that may or may not have exudates

A

Tonsillopharyngitis

30
Q

Characterized by red, swollen tonsils that may or may not have exudates

A

Tonsillopharyngitis

31
Q

Tonsillopharyngitis sign and symptoms

A
  1. Severe sore throat
  2. Painful/difficult swallowing
  3. Headache
  4. Fever and chills
  5. Enlarged and tender lymph nodes
  6. Pain in the tonsil area
  7. Loss of voice
32
Q

Physical signs of Quinsy

A
  1. Redness and edema in the tonsillar area of the affected side
  2. Swelling of the jugulodigastric lymph nodes
  3. The uvula may be displaced towards the unaffected side
33
Q

Kissing disease, Pfeiffer’s disease and Grandular fever

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

34
Q

Caused by EBV which infects the B lymphocytes, transmitted from asymptomatic individuals through saliva or by sharing a drink, or sharing eating utensils and may also be transmitted through the blood

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

35
Q

Carcinoma of the Piriform sinus clinical features

A
  1. Metastatic neck nodes (1st sign)
  2. Sticking or pricking sensation in throat
  3. Referred otalgia
  4. Odynophagia
  5. Dysphagia

Otorhinolaryngology (6 decks)

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