Disease Focus Flashcards
Anemias, leukemias, and coagulation disorders typically share common signs and symptoms that include paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Lymphatic disorders are commonly associated with edema and lymphadenopathy.
Immune disorders include abnormally heightened immune responses (____), depressed responses (___, or immune deficiencies), and responses where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue (___).
hypersensitivities immunodeficiencies autoimmunity
For diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases that affect blood and blood-forming organs, the medical services of a specialist may be warranted.____ is the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and____. The physician who specializes in this branch of medicine is called a hematologist. Allergy and immunology is the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system. Physicians who specialize in this combined branch of medicine are called____ and___.
Hematology
lymph nodes
allergists
immunologists
Anemia (Erythro___, erythrocyto___) is a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells (hypo____). It is not a disease but a symptom of other illnesses.
An important hereditary anemia that primarily affects individuals of African ancestry is ____anemia. This anemia results from a defective hemo___ molecule (hemoglobino____) that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes, commonly resembling a crescent, or sickle, when oxygen levels are low. Sickle cells are fragile and easily break apart (hemo___). They have difficulty passing through the small capillaries.
Penia2x
chromia
sickle cell
Globin
Paths
lyze
Tissue distal to the sickle cell blockage undergoes i____, resulting in severe pain called a sickle cell___ that can last from several hours to several days. Sickle cell anemia affects only those who have inherited the trait from both parents. If the trait is inherited from only one parent, the offspring will be a____ but will not have the disorder. Treatment is designed to control or limit the number of crises.____ acid is commonly recommended, and some medications are proving to be helpful in controlling the disease.
schemia
crisis
carrier
Folic
hypo______)
Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythro____, leuko____, and thrombocyto____
Commonly caused by some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents
Plastic
penia3x
Hypoplastic: underdeveloped organ or tissue
_____anemia:
Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis
Caused by insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)
Folic-acid deficiency
_____ destruction of red blood cell cells, commonly resulting in jaundice
Associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions
Hemolytic
_____anemia
Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron
Iron-deficiency
Per____anemia (PA)
Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development
Commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12
nicious
______
Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low
Caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis
Sickle cell anemia
An_____ is an acquired abnormal immune response. It requires an initial exposure (___) to an allergen (___). Subsequent exposures produce increasing reactions that cause a broad range of inflammatory changes, including hives (___caria), eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and, in the extreme, anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition.
Allergy-sensitivity tests in which a suspension of the allergen is introduced into the skin identify offending allergens. If the patient has an allergy to the suspected allergen, the area becomes red, swollen, and hardened (__).
Allergy sensitization antigen
Urti
indurated
Allergy shots (____therapy, ___therapy) can help with an allergy response to pollens, pet dander, molds, dust mites, and venom (bee stings) but not to___. involves repeated injections of the allergen, beginning with a highly diluted solution and increasing the concentration over a period of weeks or months. When administered as an injection, the body treats the allergen like a vaccine and begins to produces____ against the allergen. The newly formed antibodies desensitize the patient and reduce the reaction of the patient to the offending allergen. Allergy shots have been very successful in reducing or even eliminating the symptoms associated with the allergy.
Immuno
Bio
Foods
antibodies
____Disease
When the immune system fails to accurately differentiate foreign antigens from the body’s own antigens found on cells and tissues (____) and begins its destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual, the disorder is considered an autoimmune disease. In this abnormal response, the immune system produces____ directed at one or more of the individual’s cells or tissues until they are destroyed. Types of autoimmune disorders range from those that affect only a single organ to those that affect many organs and systems (__).
Autoimmune
Autoantigens
autoantibodies multisystemic
_____include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, and various thyroid disorders. Most have periods of flare-ups (exacerbations) and latencies (remissions). Treatment goals include reducing symptoms and controlling the autoimmune process while maintaining the body’s ability to fight disease. They are usually chronic, requiring lifelong care and monitoring, even when the person may look or feel well. Few can be cured; however, with treatment, those afflicted can live relatively normal lives.
Autoimmune diseases
Oncology
The major types of blood cancers include multiple___ that affect a single type of bone marrow cell, lymphomas that arise in the lymphatic system, and leukemias that affect blood and bone marrow.
myelomas
_____ is an oncological disorder of blood and blood-forming organs and is characterized by an overgrowth (____) of blood cells. It is the most common cancer in children, adolescents, and young adults. With this condition, the body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with immature, nonfunctional cells, leading to anemias, infections, and bleeding disorders. The various types are generally identified by the type of leukocyte population affected as either granulocytic (____genous) or lymphocytic. They are further classified as chronic or acute.
Leukemia proliferation
myelo
In the acute form, the disease has a sudden onset and blood cells are highly embryonic (blastic) with few mature forms. Severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease. This form of leukemia is life-threatening. In the chronic form, signs and symptoms are slow to develop because there are usually enough mature cells to carry on the functions of the various cell types. As the chronic form progresses, signs and symptoms develop.
Although the causes of leukemia are unknown, research has implicated ____, environmental conditions, high-dose radiation, and genetic factors. Bone marrow_____&_____ help diagnose leukemia. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant, or a combination of these modalities. Recent advances in treatment, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, cancer vaccines, and donor lymphocyte infusions, are becoming more prevalent in treatment. Leukemias are fatal if left untreated.
Viruses Aspiration biopsy
Infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD___ (h______) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opportunistic infections)
Early stages of HIV infection (HIV disease) may remain asymptomatic for many years, especially when the patient receives medical care. Untreated, the disease ultimately develops into full-blown___, a potentially fatal disease.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
4 , helper
AIDS
Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding
Causes include deficiency in coagulating factors, certain plasma proteins, or platelet production.
coagulation disorders
kō-ăg-ū-LĀ-shŭn
Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs
Increased clotting uses up platelets and proteins, leading to profuse bleeding, even with the slightest trauma. (D____I______C)
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
ĭn-tră-VĂS-kū-lăr
kō-ăg-ū-LĀ-shŭn
intra-: in, within
vascul: vessel, (usually blood or lymph)
-ar: pertaining to
Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII 8 (____A) or clotting factor IX,9 (_____B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease
Mild symptoms include nosebleed and hemat___. Severe symptoms include bleeding into the joints (hem____) and sudden shock; death is possible. Treatment is intravenous administration of the lacking blood factor.
hemophilia3x
Omas
arthrosis
hem/o: blood
philia: attraction for
Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver
A common sign of___ is the development of pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) that appear primarily on the lower leg. (See Fig. 9-9.)
thrombocytopenia
thrŏm-bō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă
thromb/o: blood clot
cyt/o: cell
-penia: decrease, deficiency
Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it
Rejection can be lessened by a close tissue match between donor and recipient or administration of medications that depress the immune system.
graft rejection
GRĂFT
