Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards by Rosa Vazquez Palomera

The blood, lymphatic, and immune systems have separate but interrelated functions in maintaining health & (homeostasis).
Blood is responsible for transporting (O2) & (CO2) and provides cells that defend against disease. It also protects the body from loss of blood by clotting.
The lymphatic system is responsible for cellular communication by delivering nutrients,____, and other needed products to body cells while removing their waste products as it drains tissue fluid back to the____ system. It also provides the cells of the immune system needed to defend the body against disease.
The immune system defends against disease. it uses barriers that exclude unwanted substances from entering the body. In its most complex form, it uses cells of the lymphatic system to undertake the complex processes that identify and destroy pathogens and protect the body against future encounters by these same pathogens.

Hormones
Vascular

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Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen
They combine with antigens to destroy or neutralize them.

Antibody

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Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

Antigen

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Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
Interference with the excretion of ___ may lead to jaundice.

Bile pigment
Bile

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Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells
. important chemical communicators in the immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation.

Cytokine

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Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system

dendritic cell
dĕn-DRĬT-ĭk□
dendr: tree
-itic: pertaining to

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Possessing the ability to develop an immune response

immunocompetent

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Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out
NK cells are components of the innate immune system and do not require prior sensitization to engage in cell destruction.

Natural killer cells NK

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Blood
is___ tissue composed of a liquid medium called ____in which solid components are suspended. The solid components of blood include the following:
• red blood cells (_____)
• white blood cells (___)
• platelets (____)

connective plasma erythrocytes
leukocytes thrombocytes

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The body produces millions of blood cells every second to replace those that are destroyed or worn out. In adults, blood cells form in the bone marrow of the s___, ribs & sternum, v____, pelvis, and ____ of the long bones of the arms and legs. The stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to embryonic (____) forms of all blood cell types. In the embryonic stages, m____cytes and l_____cytes migrate to the _____ system for maturation and specialization. All other embryonic cells remain in the bone marrow to complete their development. Once blood cells mature, they enter the____ system. The development of blood cells into their mature forms is called _____poiesis or _____poiesis.

Skull
Vertebrae
Ends
Blastic
Mono & lympho
Lymphatic circulatory
Hemato
Hemo

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Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes, transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They are the most numerous of the circulating blood cells. During RBC development (erythropoiesis), they____ in size and, just before reaching maturity, extrude their____. They also develop a specialized iron-containing compound called____ (Hb, Hgb) that gives them their red color. & carries oxygen to body tissues and exchanges it for co2. When mature, RBCs are shaped like biconcave disks of approximately the same size and hemoglobin concentration.

decrease nuclei hemoglobin

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RBCs live about___ days and then rupture, releasing___ and cell fragments. Hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound called hemo____ and several bile pigments. Most hemosiderin returns to the bone marrow for reuse in a different form to manufacture new blood cells. The____ eventually excretes bile pigments.

120 hemoglobin
siderin(sider/o:iron)
liver

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White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process. Leukocytes are crucial to the body’s defense against disease because of their ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles (____cytosis). Unlike RBCs that remain in the bloodstream, WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules (dia____) and enter tissue spaces.

Phago(eating, devour)
Pedesis
(Leaping through)

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The two major types of leukocytes are classified according to the presence of_____ in their cytoplasm (granuloctyes) or absence of granules in their cytoplasm (agranulocytes) when observed microscopically. The granulocytic leukocytes are further classified as ____phils, _____phils, and _____phils according to the____ reaction of their cytoplasmic granules during the preparation of blood smears for microscopic examination.

granules
Neutro
Eusino
Baso
Staining

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The nuclei of mature granulocytes are so deeply lobed, especially in neutrophils, that these cells appear to have multiple nuclei, providing an alternative naming classification as ____nuclear leukocytes (PMNLs, polys).

This nuclear characteristic is not typical of agranulocytes; consequently, agranulocytes are more commonly called___
nuclear lymphocytes (MNLs). Because each type of leukocyte performs a different function, it is important for diagnostic purposes to identify their type and know whether their number falls within a normal range. there are five major types of leukocytes.

polymorpho
mono

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First granulocyte cell to arrive at a site of injury
• Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis
• Dies as a result of phagocytosis.
It’s cytoplasm Has lilac granules . and is polymorphonuclear.

Neutrophils

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This granular site cell Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations)
• Controls mechanisms associated with allergies. Its cytoplasm has red granules . It is polymorphonuclear.

Eosinophil

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This granulocyte initiates inflammation it is polymorphonuclear has purple granules in its cytoplasm

Basophil

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Provides acquired (specific) immunity, agranular, mononuclear cell

Lymphocyte

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Performs mildly phagocytic function
• Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity, agranular mononuclear cell

Monocyte

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Platelets (___cytes) are the smallest formed elements found in blood. They are not true cells but merely cell fragments. Platelets initiate blood clotting when they encounter vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized. Initially, platelets become sticky and aggregate at the injury site to form a barrier to control blood loss. Clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue release thrombo___
a substance that initiates clot formation. In the final step of coagulation, (___/o/gen) (a soluble blood protein) becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells. This jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin (thrombus, blood clot) impedes the flow of blood (hemo____) into the surrounding tissues.

-thrombo
-Plastin
[Fibrin(protein)Gen “generates” fibrinogen is a precursor to blood clots]

Stasis(state of stillness)

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Plasma is the liquid portion of blood where cells are suspended. Without blood cells, plasma appears a thin, almost colorless fluid. It is composed of about ___% water and contains such products as ____mins, ____ulins, fibrinogen (___ proteins), clotting factors, ___ases, nutrients, salts, and hormones. A small amount of plasma continuously leaks from____ and delivers these products to surrounding cells and exchanges them for waste material produced by body cells. This exchange makes cellular communication possible throughout the body. Blood ____ is a product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma.

-92
-[Albumins (proteins made by liver)] (in- indicates a protein.)
-Glob
-Plasma
-gases
-capillaries
-Serum

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Blood Types
Human blood is divided into four types, A, B, AB, and O, based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of RBCs. In each of these four blood types, the erythrocyte carries the____ that gives the name of the blood type. The plasma contains the opposite____. Thus, type A blood contains A antigen on the surface of the RBC, and the plasma contains B antibody.

Blood types are medically important in transfusions, transplants, and maternal-fetal incompatibilities. In addition to antigens of the four blood types, there are numerous other ____that may be present on RBCs, but most of these are not of medical concern.

Antigen
Antibodies
antigens

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The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called ____ that contains lymphocytes and monocytes, a network of transporting vessels called lymph___, and a multiplicity of other structures, including n____, the sp____, the th___, and the to___. Functions of the lymphatic system include the following:
• maintaining___ balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood
• transporting__ away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues
• filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph____

Lymph
Vessels
Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Fluid
Lipids
Nodes

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Lymph vessels begin as closed-ended capillaries in tissue spaces and terminate at the right _____ duct and the____ duct in the chest cavity. (See Fig. 9-6, page 274.) As whole blood circulates, a small amount of plasma seeps from (1) blood capillaries and enters surrounding tissue. This fluid, now called____ or tissue fluid, resembles plasma but contains slightly less p____. Interstitial fluid carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their wastes.

Lymphatic Thoracic interstitial Protein

As interstitial fluid moves through tissues, it collects cellular debris, b_____, and particulate matter. Upon completing these functions, interstitial fluid returns to the surrounding v____ to become pl____ or enters closed-ended microscopic vessels called (2) lymph capillaries to become ___.

Bacteria Venules Plasma Lymph

Lymph passes into larger and larger vessels on its return trip to the bloodstream. Before it reaches its final destination, it first enters (3) lymph___ through ___erent vessels. In the node, _____phages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material, and ____&_____ cells exert their protective influence. When a local infection exists, the number of bacteria entering a node is so great and the destruction by T cells and B cells so powerful that the node commonly____ and becomes tender. Once filtered, lymph exits the node by way of ____erent vessels to continue its return to the circulatory system.

nodes Afferent (coming in, sensory signals) Macrophages T &B enlarges Efferent(going out, motor signals )

Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join the (4)______ duct. This duct drains into the (5) right sub____ vein, a major vessel in the cardiovascular system. Lymph from all other areas of the body enters the (6)____ duct and drains into the (7) left sub_____ vein. Lymph is redeposited into the circulating blood and becomes____. This cycle continually repeats itself.

-Right lymphatic -clavian -thoracic -clavian Plasma

The _____ resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents. However, it also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells. The (9) ____ is located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum). It partially controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into___ cells to function in the immune system. The (10) ____ are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. They act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

Spleen Thymus T Tonsils

Immune System There are two major immune defenses that protect the body against disease-causing organisms (pathogens). The first type of immune defense, called____ immunity, includes barriers designed to keep the pathogen from gaining entry into the body. The second type of immune defense, called____ immunity, identifies and specifically destroys pathogens once they have gained entry.

innate acquired

Innate Immunity Although exposed to a vast number of harmful substances, most people suffer relatively few diseases throughout their lifetime. Numerous body defenses called immunity work together to protect against disease. One type of immunity begins functioning at birth or immediately afterward. Because it is present at the very beginning of life, it is called the innate immune system. It provides protective barriers to the entry of pathogens into the body and stops their spread should they successfully overcome the barriers. This system does not differentiate the various types of pathogens and is always ready to defend the body, no matter the type or nature of the pathogen. As such, the innate immune system is also considered___

nonspecific

The innate immune system provides two types of barriers: • first-line barriers that keep pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions • second-line barriers that stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including ____cytic cells, natural killer cells, and In_____

Phago Inflammation

Acquired or adaptive immunity develops only after birth in an immunocompetent individual and is a lifelong monitoring system. During each encounter with an antigen, the acquired immune system produces unique cells and processes that destroy that particular antigen. The method of destroying the antigen is “custom made” for each specific antigenic encounter. As such, the acquired immune system is considered__.The white blood cells chiefly responsible for the acquired immune response are____ and____

specific Monocytes Lymphocytes

After a brief stay in the vascular system,____ enter tissue spaces and become highly phagocytic macrophages. In this form, the macrophage ingests pathogens and other harmful substances. The macrophage processes them in such a way that their unique____ properties are preserved and then displayed on the surface of the macrophage. This alerts the immune system to the presence of a pathogen. As such, the macrophage is now considered an antigen-_____cell (APC

monocytes antigenic Presenting

Apart from monocytes, _____These specialized macrophages, also have the ability to act as APCs. APCs, armed with the antigenic property of the pathogen displayed on their surface, await an encounter by an immune cell capable of responding to the unique antigen. At this encounter, the acquired immune system begins the operations required for the systematic destruction of the antigen.

Dendritic cells,

There are 2 types of lymphocytes,___ cells (__ lymphocytes) and __ cells (___lymphocytes), are the active cells of the_____ immune response. When B cells respond as the principal defense, the form of immunity that develops is____ or antibody immunity. When T cells respond as the main defense system, the form of immunity is_____ immunity. Although each of these defenses is identified singly, there is a great deal of interaction between them

B 2x T 2x acquired humoral cellular

These hormonelike chemicals, act as messengers between the two defense systems. They regulate the intensity and duration of their responses and provide cell-to-cell communication among their various cells.

Cytokines

These lymphocyte cells Function in humoral immunity • Originate and mature in (b)one marrow • Protect against (extra)cellular antigens • Respond to stimulation by a compatible T cell and begin producing plasma cells a type of _cell

B cell/ b lymphocyte

These lymphocyte cells Create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molecules called antigen–antibody c____ that lead to the destruction of the antigen by the immune system

Plasma cells Complexes

these lymphocytes Retreat to lymphatic system and remain prepared to (repeat) the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the (same) antigen

Memory B cells

Function in cellular immunity • Originate in bone marrow and mature in lymphatic system • Protect against (intra)cellular pathogens and cancer cells

T cells

Determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it • Provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity • Produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system • Require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system Cyto_____,___cells & h_____,____cells.

cytotoxic T (CD8) cells helper T (CD4) cells

Monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves • Migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear S____,____cells M_____,___cells

-Suppressor T cells -memory T cells

The memory component is unique to the acquired immune response. Memory B and memory T cells are able to “recall” how they previously disposed of a particular antigen and are able to repeat the process without going through a “learning curve.” The repeat performance is immediate, powerful, and sustained. Disposing of the antigen during the second and all subsequent exposures is extremely rapid and much more effective than it was during the first exposure. This long-lasting immunity is referred to as____ immunity.

active

CONNECTING BODY SYSTEMS—BLOOD, LYMPHATIC, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS The main functions of these are to provide a way to transport and exchange products throughout the body and protect and repair cells that are damaged by disease or trauma. Specific functional interelationships are: Cardiovascular • Blood delivers oxygen needed for contraction of the heart. • The lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to the vascular system to maintain blood volume. • The immune system protects against infections. Digestive • Blood transports products of digestion to nourish body cells. • The immune system provides surveillance mechanisms to detect and destroy cancer cells in the digestive tract. • An innate component of the immune system, the acidic environment of the stomach helps control pathogens in the digestive tract.

Endocrine • The blood and lymphatic systems transport hormones to target organs. • The immune system protects against infection in endocrine glands. Female Reproductive • The blood, lymphatic, and immune systems transport nourishing and defensive products across the placental barrier for the developing fetus. • The immune system provides specific defense against pathogens that enter the body through the reproductive tract. • The immune system supplies antibodies for breast milk that protect the baby until its immune system is established.

Integumentary • Blood provides leukocytes, especially neutrophils, to the integumentary system when breaches or injury occurs in the skin. • The lymphatic system supplies antibodies to the dermis for defense against pathogens. • Blood in the skin, the largest organ of the body, helps maintain temperature homeostasis. Male Reproductive • The immune system provides surveillance against cancer cells. • Blood delivers hormones and other essential products for male fertility. • Lymph maintains fluid balance in the male organs of reproduction.

Nervous • The immune system responds to nervous stimuli to identify injury or infection sites and initiate tissue defense and repair. • Plasma and lymph provide the media in which nervous stimuli cross from one neuron to another. • The lymphatic system removes excess interstitial fluid from tissues surrounding nerves.

Respiratory • Red blood cells transport respiratory gases to and from the lungs. • The tonsils harbor immune cells to combat pathogens that enter through the nose and mouth. Urinary • Blood transports waste products, especially urea, to the kidneys for removal via the production of urine. • Blood in peritubular capillaries reabsorbs essential products that have been filtered by the ne___.

phron

Aden/o? Adenopathy? Agglutin/o? Agglutination ?

-Gland -Disease of a gland -Glue, clumping -process of glue or clumping

Blast/o ? Erythro____ are normally found only in bone marrow and develop into mature erythrocytes during hematopoiesis _______ rare pregnancy complication that occurs when your immune system attacks the fetus's red blood cells. if you have Rh-negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood

-Embryonic cell -erythroblasts -erythroblastosis erythr/o: red -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

Chrom/o? Pertaining to Deficient in color,____cells are erythrocytes that appear lighter in color than normal because of a deficiency of hemoglobin, a compound that gives erythrocytes their red color.

Color Hypochromic

Erythr/o? Erythrocyte? Granul/o? A type of leukocyte with granules ____

Red RBC Granule Granulocyte

Hem/o Hemat/o? People who suffer from____ commonly faint at the sight of blood. A____ is a mass of extravasated, usually clotted, blood caused by a break or leak in a blood vessel. It may be found in any organ, tissue, or space within the body.

Blood hemophobia hematoma

Immun/o _____ includes the study of autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, and immune deficiencies. Leuk/o? _____causes a profoundly elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and a very low RBC count.

Immunity Safe immune Immunology White Leukemia

Lymph/o? Lymphoid? Oid:? Lymphaden/o? _____is characterized by changes in the size, consistency, or number of lymph nodes.

Lymph Resembling lymph Lymph gland , node Lymphadenopathy

Lymphangi/o? Lymphangioma ? Morph/o? -Morphology ?

-Lymph vessel -Lymph vessel tumor -shape ,form, structure -the study of form shape and structure

Myel/o gen: forming, producing, origin -ic: pertaining to Acute___ leukemia is the most common form of leukemia; also called acute myelo____ leukemia.

Bone marrow or spinal cord -myelogenic -genous

Nucle/o? ____WBCs, the monocytes and lymphocytes, are also called agranulocytes.

Nucleus Mononuclear

Phag/o? The neutrophil is an important phagocytic leukocyte of the____ immune system

Swallowing eating innate

poikil/o A poikilocyte

varied, irregular Irregular (SHAPED) red blood cell like a sickle cell

Ser/o? _____includes the study of antigens and antibodies in serum and sources other than serum, including plasma, saliva, and urine.

Serum Serology

Sider/o? Common causes of____penia (deficiency) include inadequate iron uptake and hemorrhage.

Iron sideropenia

Splen/o Serious forms of infectious mononucleosis commonly cause enlargement of the spleen and liver._____

Spleen Splenomegaly

Thromb/o Abnormal condition of a blood clot Thym/o: Disease of the it

Blood clot Thrombosis Thymus gland Thymopathy

Suffixes Blast A _____blast is a bone marrow cell capable of giving rise to all types of blood cells.

Embryonic cell hemocytoblast

Globin? _____is an iron-containing protein found in RBCs that transports oxygen and gives blood its red color. Penia? monocyt/o/penia:deficiency of monocytes monocyt/o: monocyte Some of the causes of monocytopenia include acute infections,____, and reactions to certain drugs.

Protein Hemoglobin (Decrease deficiency) leukemia

Phil- ____ are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They provide phagocytic protection for the body.

Attraction for Neutrophils Neutr: neural neither

phylaxis? ____is an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen. It is treated as a medical emergency.

Protection Anaphylaxis Ana: against, back , up

poiesis Hemopoiesis?

Formation Production Production of erythrocytes

Stasis? ____is the control or arrest of bleeding, commonly using chemical agents.

Standing still Hemostasis

Prefixes: Aniso: Normally, RBCs do not vary in (SIZE). When abnormally large RBCs (macrocytes) or abnormally small RBCs (microcytes) are present, the condition is called aniso_____.

Unequal dissimilar anisocytosis